Change in Business plan

Report on the impact of proposed changes and its personnel There can be some addition and changes incorporated as per requisition in a pre-existent business plan, model and strategies. These changes are introduced and induced over a flexible period of time with smart (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, time-bounded) objectives. That is, additional goals or projects are specified and based on the same changes are materialized in the business.These changes bring about a set of influences on the business and its personnel and they are as followed: Proposed hanged are changes those were not originally referred in the business plan and thus it may call for additional expertise and time module. It might take a while for the employees to adjust to the changes and start working as the trainings they previously received excluded these changes. The business and its personnel may take a slow start in terms of learning the mechanisms of these changes and how they function.The business a nd its personnel must have a mental preparation to embrace temporary or primary failure and a chaotic working situation. This preparation can be reasoned as such that a new change that was not in action previously may behave differently than anticipated and changes proposed and forwarded with such conjectures help getting rid of the frustration In the employees regarding the result. 4. : The changes managed in the business There is a number of ways through which these changes may be managed and they are as followed: Most Important changes are proposed and forwarded by the upper level management and In such cases the change management process takes place ender the senior management's supervision. For proposing and Implementing bigger changes, it Is essential to Induce these changes with calculated risk where the risks undertaken are dominated by strong measures of calculation by the authority.These changes have to follow timeliness In terms of Implementation because as long as a part icular change In the business plan Is not adjusted and sustained, another cannot be channeled. Change management may be aligned with the strategic human resource management of the business where different managerial declensions are ken using strategies those support the HARM practices. Likewise, changes can be administered using strategies to support the changes. 4. : Monitoring Improvements In the performance of a business over a given time scale The concluding measures about proposing changes and channeling the changes In a business plan or model or strategy Is to supervise the performance of the business In the post change Implementation period for a given time scale. Business performance Is monitored following many time-scales and the monitoring becomes critically essential when a hanged Is to be Induced because It Is a notion that did not exist In the Orlando business plan and hence was not In action previously.To confirm the proper centralization of changes proposed and smooth functioning of the business with these changes Incorporated, a monitoring Is Imperative for a given time scale. Conjectures help getting rid of the frustration in the employees regarding the result. Are as followed: Most important changes are proposed and forwarded by the upper level management and in such cases the change management process takes place ender the senior management's supervision.For proposing and implementing bigger changes, it is essential to induce these changes with calculated risk where the risks changes have to follow timeliness in terms of implementation because as long as a particular change in the business plan is not adjusted and sustained, another cannot resource management of the business where different managerial decisions are administered using strategies to support the changes. . 3: Monitoring improvements in the performance of a business over a given time scale The concluding measures bout proposing changes and channeling the changes in a business pl an or model or strategy is to supervise the performance of the business in the post change implementation period for a given time scale.Business performance is monitored change is to be induced because it is a notion that did not exist in the original business plan and hence was not in action previously. To confirm the proper centralization of changes proposed and smooth functioning of the business with these changes incorporated, a monitoring is imperative for a given time scale.

Iran Awakening

Jessica Muhr May 2nd, 2012 History of the Middle East â€Å"Iran Awakening† â€Å"One Woman’s Journey to Reclaim Her Life and Country† This book, â€Å"Iran Awakening†, is a novel written by Nobel laureate Shirin Ebadi. Ebadi weaves the story of her life in a very personal and unique way, telling the account of the overthrow of the shah and the establishment of a new, religious fundamentalist regime in which opposition to the government are imprisoned, tortured, and murdered.By simply reading the Prologue, one can see the love Ebadi has for Iran and her people. This love that Ebadi has for the oppressed of Iran is a theme that appears throughout the book and seems to be a large factor behind her drive to stand up for those who cannot stand up for themselves. In the first chapter, Ebadi recounts her childhood from her birth on June 21st, 1947 in Hamedan, to her childhood in Tehran. Something that may come as a surprise to a reader was the equality between m ale and female in Ebadi’s home.This equality, however, was not common in most Iranian households, â€Å"Male children enjoyed an exalted status, spoiled and cosseted†¦ They often felt themselves the center of the family’s orbit†¦ Affection for a son was an investment†, says Ebadi. In Iranian culture, it was considered natural for a father to love his son more than his daughter. In Ebadi’s home, though, she describes her parent’s affections, attentions, and discipline as equally distributed.This equality in the home seems to play a large role in creating the strong, determined woman Ebadi would come to be, â€Å"My father’s championing of my independence, from the play yard to my later decision to become a judge, instilled a confidence in me that I never felt consciously, but came to regard as my most valued inheritance. † (Ebadi, 12). One may also find it interesting that as a child, Ebadi did not know anything of politics; until the coup d'etat of 1953. On August 19th, 1953, the beloved Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh was toppled in a coup d’etat.Ebadi says that, as children, this news meant nothing. But the adults could see what Ebadi, at the time, could not. The book makes it clear that, to those of Iran who were not paid to think otherwise, Mossadegh was revered as a nationalist hero and the father of Iranian independence for his bold move of nationalizing Iran’s oil industry which had been, until then, controlled by the West. Therefore, it was obvious that this was the beginning of a vast change for Iran. Before the coup, Ebadi’s father, a longtime supporter of the prime minister, had advanced to become minister of agriculture.In this new regime, Ebadi’s father was forced out of his job, fated to languish in lower posts for the rest of his career. This was what caused a silence of all things political in the Ebadi home. Entering law school in 1965 was a â€Å"turning point for me†, says Ebadi. The vast interest in Iran’s politics was shocking to her after coming from a home in which politics were never spoken of. After toying with the idea of studying political science, Ebadi decided on pursuing a judgeship; which is exactly what she did. In March of 1970, at the age of twenty-three, Ebadi became a judge.In 1975, after 6 months of getting to know each other Ebadi married Javad Tavassoni. Her husband, unlike many Iranian men, coped well with her professional ambitions. In the autumn of 1977, there was, what Ebadi describes as, a â€Å"shift in the streets of Tehran†. The shah’s regime was trying to reduce the power of the judiciary by setting up the ‘Mediating Council’, an extrajudicial outfit that would have allowed cases to be judged outside of the formal justice system. Some of the justices wrote a protest letter arguing against the council, demanding that all cases had to be tried before a court of law .This was the first collective action taken by the judges against the shah. Ebadi signed the letter. In January of 1978, President Jimmy Carter arrived in Tehran, Iran and described it as an â€Å"island of stability†, something he later came to regret. Not long after President Carter’s statement, a newspaper article aggressively attacking Khomeini inspired a revolt among the people of Iran, calling for his [Khomeini’s] return; the police shot into the crowd and killed many men. By the summer of 1978, protests had grown larger, making it impossible to avoid them. In early August, a crowded cinema in Abadan was burned to the round. This horrific event burned 400 people alive. The shah blamed this event on religious conservatives; Khomeini accused the SAVAK, the regime’s secret police, which was a force of legendary brutality against the government’s opponents. This tragedy pushed many Iranians against the shah. They now realized that the shah was no t merely an American puppet. Ebadi herself says that she was ‘drawn’ to the opposition. She says that it did not seem a contradiction for her, an educated professional woman, to back it (Ebadi, 33). She had no idea that she was backing her own eventual defeat.Ebadi uses something close to irony as she describes a morning when she and several judges and officials stormed into the minister of justice’s office. The minister was not there, instead a startled elder judge sat behind the desk. â€Å"He looked up at us in amazement and his gaze halted when he saw my face. â€Å"You! You of all people, why are you here? † he asked, bewildered and stern. â€Å"Don’t you know that you’re supporting people who will take away your job if they come to power? † â€Å"I’d rather be a free Iranian than an enslaved attorney,† I retorted boldly, self-righteous to the core. (Ebadi, 34) On January 16th, 1979, the shah fled Iran, ending two m illennia of rule by Persian kings. The streets were over-crowded with euphoric citizens, Ebadi herself being one of them. On February 1st, 1979, Khomeini returned to Iran. For about a month, the country of Iran hung in the balance. In most of the cities an emergency military had gone into immediate effect and Khomeini had ordered people to go back into their homes by nightfall with the instruction to go onto their roof at 9pm and scream, Allaho akbar, â€Å"God is greatest†.On February 11th, Khomeini exhorted people to defy the 4pm curfew the military had imposed by coming out into the streets. Ebadi remembers going into the streets, hearing sounds of the gunshots echoing, and taking in the frenzied scene of emotion. The next day, the 22nd of Bahman on the Iranian calendar, the military surrendered and the prime minister fled the country. The country rejoiced, including Ebadi herself. She says, looking back, she has to laugh at the feeling of pride that washed over her for it took scarcely a month for her to realize that she had willingly participated in her own defeat. Ebadi, 38) Merely days after the revolution’s victory, a man named Fathollah Bani-Sadr was appointed provisional overseer of the Ministry of Justice. Expecting praise from this man, Ebadi was shocked when he said, â€Å"Don’t you think that out of respect for our beloved Imam Khomeini, who has graced Iran with his return, it would be better if you covered your hair? † This headscarf â€Å"invitation† was the first in a long string of restraints on the women of Iran. After being away for less than a month, Ebadi could already see the changes that had taken place in Tehran. The streets were renamed after Shia imams, martyred clerics, and Third World heroics of an anti-imperial struggle. † (Ebadi, 41) Her fellow co-workers, male and female, were dirty and smelled. The bow tie had been banned, being â€Å"deemed a symbol of the West’s evils, smelling of cologne signaled counterrevolutionary tendencies, and riding to the ministry car to work was evidence of class privilege† (Ebadi 42). Rumors spread that Islam barred women from being judges. Ebadi was the most distinguished female judge in all of Tehran.So, upon hearing these rumors, she tried to counter her worries with her connections; but even this small comfort proved to be in vain. In the final days of 1979, Ebadi was effectively stripped of her judgeship. She stubbornly stood, though six months pregnant, as the committee flippantly tossed a sheet of paper at her and said, â€Å"Show up to the research office when you’re done with your vacation†, her ‘vacation’ being her maternity leave. The men then began to talk about her as though she was not there, saying things like, â€Å"Without even starting at the research office, she wants a vacation! † another said, â€Å"They’re disorganized! and another, â€Å"They’re so u nmotivated; it’s clear they don’t want to be working! † †¦ The point Ebadi was trying to make is clear by the telling of these statements. Most men, especially those in the government, had lost what little respect they had previously held for women prior to the Revolution. That much, at least, seemed very clear. The post-Revolution’s effect on women was a grim one. As Ebadi read in a newspaper piece titled â€Å"Islamic Revolution†, â€Å"the life of a woman’s was now half that of a man (for instance, if a car hit both on the street, the cash compensation due to the woman’s family was half of that due the man’s), a oman’s testimony in court as a witness now counted only half as much as that of a man’s; a woman had to ask her husband permission to divorce. The drafters of the penal code had apparently consulted the seventh century for legal advice. † (Ebadi, 51). Ebadi’s head pounded with rage as she read this news. â€Å"The grim statues that I would spend the rest of my life fighting stared back at me from the page†, she writes. One effect of the new Islamic penal code was the imbalance it caused within Ebadi’s marriage. â€Å"The day Javad and I married each other, we joined our lives together as two equals†, she writes. But under these laws, he stayed a person and I became a chattel. They permitted him to divorce me at will, take custody of our future children, and acquire three wives and stick them in the house with me. † (Ebadi, 53). Ebadi knew her husband had no intentions of putting this new law to use, but she still could not accept the distraction the imbalance between them was causing her. At length, Ebadi came up with a solution: within the course of the next morning, her and her husband drove to the local notary where her husband readily signed a postnuptual agreement.This granted Ebadi the right to divorce her husband without permissi on, as well as primary custody of their children in the event of a separation. â€Å"Why are you doing this? † the astonished notary asked [Javad]. â€Å"My decision is irrevocable, â€Å" Javad replied. â€Å"I want to save my life. † This eased Ebadi’s feeling of unrest greatly, her and her husband were equals again, but a small part of her was still at unease. â€Å"After all, I couldn’t drag all the men of Iran down to the notary, could I? † (Ebadi, 54). September 22nd, 1980 marked the day that Saddam Hussein launched a full-blown invasion on Iran.Though the popular discontent with the revolution had by no means abated: as Ebadi mentions, during the war, â€Å"the newspapers still had long lists of the executed, all the former regime’s officials and counterrevolutionaries who had been shot or hung, and sometimes pages filled with macabre photos of gallows and dead bodies. † Despite all of this, the people went on, just as they h ad through the upheaval after the revolution. In short, the decade after the revolution was one filled with much strife, war, and repression.This strife first became personal to Ebadi in the form of the political imprisonment and murder of her brother-in-law Fuad at the young age of 24. â€Å"Fuad’s death made me even more obstinate†, she writes. â€Å"We had been told not to discuss his death with anyone, so I talked about his execution night and day. In taxis, at the corner shop, in line for bread, I would approach perfect strangers and tell them about this sweet boy who was sentenced to twenty years in prison for selling newspapers, and then executed. † (Ebadi, 89)This tragic event in Ebadi’s life, the hot outrage that it made her feel, is remembered as the spark which would lead to her return to legal practice in the 1990’s. Things had, of course, continued to happen since Fuad’s death in the fall of 1988. In 1989, Khomeini had died, the komitehs harsh, unnecessary punishments grew more serious and frequent: Ebadi writes of one instance in which her friend’s fiance is whipped 80 times with no legal grounds whatsoever. The extreme laws against women grew more and more severe.When Ebadi was arrested for the first time (for a crime of wardrobe), she mentions an elderly woman who was arrested for the â€Å"crime† of wearing slippers. Yet over time, it again â€Å"became fashionable for the daughters of Traditional families to attend college†, Ebadi writes. â€Å"Throughout the nineties, the number of women with college degrees rose steadily, and eventually the women began to outnumber the men in universities by a small margin. † This new wave of educated women emerging from Iran created a people that was no longer content to slip back into their old, traditional roles in the home.This new attitude was often met by extreme clashes within the family. Ebadi writes of one such woman who, upon re questing a divorce from her husband, was refused by her father. Facing a lifetime of unhappiness, the woman doused herself in gasoline and set herself ablaze. In 1992, Ebadi again began practicing law, this time exclusively taking on pro bono cases. She pored over religious texts, attempting to gain sufficient knowledge to argue against particular interpretations that would claim that, within Islam, discriminatory interpretations were to be made.Ebadi began to take on only the cases of women and children, for these were the ones who were constantly at the mercy of a sick, twisted government. Ebadi took on many cases; one was that of the family of Zahra Kanzemi, an Iranian journalist who had been killed in police custody in 2003. Another was that of a student who was beaten to death by paramilitaries during a 1999 protest; Ebadi herself was imprisoned during the course of this case. While digging through the paperwork for a case representing the children of a couple who had been slai n in their home, Ebadi stumbled across the official authorization of her own assassination.The response Ebadi has to this shocking information was one of the major instances that. I believe, greatly endears her to the reader as an extremely brace and powerful woman. â€Å"I wasn’t scared, really, nor was I angry†, she writes. Instead, Ebadi simply wanted to know why. One thing that is truly unique about Ebadi is the way in which she writes about her life choices. She writes about them as if they were natural, obvious, and just the thing anyone would have done in her place. In reality, this is not so.Many others around Ebadi had the education and ability to make the same choices that Ebadi had made, but they did not, some even emigrating during the Iran-Iraq war. For Ebadi, patriotic to the core, the only choice was to stay. She has a love for her country that defies the instability and repression the government tries to place upon her. Ebadi knows, deep within herself, that the government is not the country. The only moral choice she could live with was to fight injustice with law; the very law the injustices claimed themselves to be. Following the ‘Reform Era’, you can see Ebadi breathe a huge sigh of relief.The years of constant anxiousness over everything, even her girl’s birthday parties, were behind her. The days when young people would be whipped for venturing into the mountains together, women would be detained or lashed for simply wearing a smudge of makeup or nail-polish, or for wearing any color clothing besides navy or black tones, were happily retired. Moderate President Khatami sought to pull back the system’s interference in the people’s private lives, but as Ebadi states, â€Å"President Khatami deserves only a measure of credit for this shift.Really it was because my daughters’ uncowed generation started fighting back, and, through the force of their sheer numbers and boldness, made it unf easible for the state to impose itself as before. † This book was, in my opinion, a fantastic portrait of a life lived in truth. It was a delight to see how Ebadi’s simple courage and outright stubbornness made a vast difference in the lives of many, even in the face of extreme adversity, like her own possible assassination. In conclusion, I will once again quote Ebadi, as she articulates the dignity of the reform movement within Iran. It so happened that I believed in the secular separation of religion and government because, fundamentally, Islam, like any religion, is subject to interpretation. It can be interpreted to oppress women or interpreted to liberate them†¦ I am a lawyer by training, and know only too well the permanent limitations of trying to enshrine inalienable rights in sources that lack fixed terms and definitions. But I am also a citizen of the Islamic Republic, and I know the futility of approaching the question any other way.My objective is not to vent my own political sensibilities but to push for a law that would save a family like Leila's† — a child who was raped and murdered — â€Å"from becoming homeless in their quest to finance the executions of their daughter's convicted murderers. If I'm forced to ferret through musty books of Islamic jurisprudence and rely on sources that stress the egalitarian ethics of Islam, then so be it. Is it harder this way? Of course it is. But is there an alternative battlefield? Desperate wishing aside, I cannot see one. † – Shirin Ebadi

Research Methodology and methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Research Methodology and methods - Essay Example Since this disorder has no scientifically proven single kind of a treatment for cure, the treatment for this disorder must specially aim towards being especially adaptable for meeting the needs of each individual child with disorder (Myers, Johnson, and Council on Children with Disabilities, 2007). In the past few decades, the UK government has largely focused on the inclusive mode of education to facilitate the process of social adjustment for children with any form of disorder including autism (Broach, Chalmers, Laurance, McKay, McKenzie, and Mustapha, 2004). This has been acheived chiefly through an emphasis on creating more mainstream schools that are inclusive in nature, where students of all kind (with special needs or otherwise) are made apart of the general stream and studies and provided for accordingly (Wilkinson and Twist, 2010). This paper will deal with this topic of educational system for boys with autism in Saudi Arabia, based on guidelines framed by the UK government for the British system of education. Methodology Any research work is actually a procedure of various systemic enquiries on a certain chosen problem that ultimately leads to the conception of new knowledge on that particular subject (Graziano & Raulin, 2009, 26). Since my topic is chiefly based on the autism and relevant suitable modes of education for autistic children, it deals with the problem seen in the modern mode of education that tends to differentiate between general students and special needs children. It will thus be a ‘systematic inquiry whose objective is to provide the information that will allow†¦problems to be solved’ (Blumberg, Cooper, and Schindler, 2005, 20). Here the problem is related to the education processes used for imparting education to the children with disorders (autism), where we find that under the traditional mode of education special needs children are provided with a different form of education thus segregating them form the genera l students. This leads to later maladjustment by the children with disorders, to the normal social and workplace environment. While some countries have recently started focusing on the inclusive mode of education, there are problems arising in this new mode of education too, where the general educators cannot meet the demands of teaching general students and special needs children, under one classroom setting. In order to arrive at a workable solution for the above stated problem issues, my paper will follow the research process methodology as outlined by Graziano & Raulin, which is represented in the flow chart given below in Fig 1. Their procedure is bases on observation and rationalism, or reasoning through analysis. Here the whole systemic enquiry starts with the generation of idea (the management question), which is often initiated through personal experiences (me being an avid internet user) or other’s research work (studying books, magazines or articles on the subject of web marketing and the social media platform). Once the problem has been defined and the research questions framed, the procedure design starts. Under this section many journals, books, articles, and governmental publications, will be studied to comprehend the meaning of autism, and the types of educational modes that are suitable for imparting effective education to the special needs children. Various data will be collected and analyzed from the different governmental (UK) websites to understand the scope and nature of inclusive mode of education, and also the nature of the various problems faced by the general educa

Tenet Healthcare cooperation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Tenet Healthcare cooperation - Assignment Example Community Health Care, another for-profit healthcare giant, made the bid in an attempt to capitalize on what has been termed as â€Å"Obama’s overhaul† of hospitals and doctors, consolidating with Tenet HealthCare and becoming the largest for-profit health care association in America. Tenet, however, was not ready to give up so easily. They have instead inked a deal with Aetna, another health care giant, to continue to provide services to both Aetna commercial and Medicare Advantage customers. They have also rejected the bid made by Community Health Care, and taken the hard step of literally swallowing a ‘poison pill’, according to the Dallas Business Journal – filing paperwork to cover their incurred $2.0 million losses, and protect the rights of their stockholders, as well as trying to make sure those looking to take over do not succeed. Amid the overhaul of the nation’s health care system, and the eventual consolidation of health care companies, Tenet’s future looks uncertain. If it can continue to hold off bidding rivals, and turn some of its losses into profits, then it may yet succeed. But based on the research that I have uncovered, its future does not look strong. De La Merced, Michael J. (2010, December 29). Community Health Unveils $3.3 Billion Bid for Tenet. New York Times. Retrieved from http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2010/12/09/community-health-unveils-3-3-billion-bid-for-tenet/?ref=tenethealthcarecorporation. Panchuk, Kerry. (2011, January 10). Tenet: Latest to Swallow Poison Pill? Dallas Business Journal, Retrieved from

Immunopharmacolgy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Immunopharmacolgy - Essay Example The authors showed also that phosphoramidon significantly potentiates neuropeptide-induced airway microvascular leakage at proximal intrapulmonary airways, but not at any other airway level (ibid, p. 945). There are no available data about the combined action of posphoramidon and histamine and capscaicin. Nevertheless, some authors discuss the mechanisms of interaction between peptidergic and histaminergic stimuli in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma (Crimi et al., 1995; O'Connor et al., 2004; Kirsch et al., 1992; Crimi et al., 1988). For example, the results of Intalian scientists (Crimi et al., 1995) provided evidence of phosphoramidon role in the mediation of Bradykinin-related responses but not in the mediation of histaminergic effects. Contrarily, capsaicin and phosphoramidon have synergistic effects on the bronchial tone (Sagara et al., 1993). To determine whether the epithelium influenced the effect of endogenously released and exogenously released substance P on smooth muscle function there is expediently to conduct two different experiments. The first one will test the action of exogenously released substance P and can be conducted in vivo with the administration of substance P via inhalation. The effects of endogenously released substance P could be tested in the in vitro study with isolated tracheal ring where some of them will be processed by the airway epithelium removal. Th The major effect of epithelium removal on the contractile response to substance P could be related to the loss of neutral endopeptidase and neuropeptide degradation. This hypothesis also is proved by the numerous experimental studies (Toews et al., 1997; Frossard et al., 1989 etc) References 1. Crimi et al. (1988) Effect of nedocromil on bronchospasm induced by inhalation of substance P in asthmatic subjects. Clin Allergy. 18(4) pp. 375-82 2. Crimi et al. (1995) Effect of an inhaled neutral endopeptidase inhibitor, phosphoramidon, on baseline airway calibre and bronchial responsiveness to bradykinin in asthma. 4Thorax. 50(5):505-10. 3. Gallelli et al. (2003) Role of tachykinins in the bronchoconstriction induced by HCl intraesophageal instillation in the rabbit. Life Sci. 72(10) 1135-1142. 4. Kirsch et al. (1992) Mechanism of platelet activating factor-induced vascular leakage in the rat trachea. Exp Lung Res. 18(4) pp. 447-459. 5. 4Lotvall et al. (1991) Differential effects of phosphoramidon on neurokinin A- and substance P-induced airflow obstruction and airway microvascular leakage in guinea-pig. Br J Pharmacol. 104(4):945-9. 6. Marini et al. (1996) Endothelin-1 induces increased fibronectin expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 220(3) 896-899. 7. 4O'Connor et al. (2004) The role of substance P in inflammatory disease. J Cell Physiol. 201(2):167-80. 8. 4Sagara et al. (1993) Effect of capsaicin on the migration of eosinophils into the bronchi of guinea pigs Arerugi. 42(3 Pt 1):236-42 9. 4Toews, Ustinova & Schultz (1997) Lysophosphatidic acid enhances contractility of isolated airway smooth muscle. J Appl Physiol. 1997 Oct;83(4):1216-22. 10. 4Zhan, Adner & Cardell (2004) Interleukin-1beta attenuates endothelin B receptor-mediated airway contractions in a murine in vitro model of asthma: roles of endothelin converting enzyme and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Clin Exp Allergy. 34(9) pp.

Benefits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Benefits - Essay Example Article 14 also addresses the benefits for the disable employees either accidently or permanently. Advantages can be given to the employees who were former to companies died within the time of one year of their resignation and accidental deaths without the negligence are paid even after more than one year resignation from the companies by the employers. This article effects the people who are in job and who are providing jobs. The idea of retirement is a very foremost idea and a mean to retain their efficient employees. This inspiration also develops the loyalty among the employees towards the organizations and sense to remain adheres to employers so that find work-life balance. My view for this discussion is because when the workers feel that employer or the organization’s management is concerned about their lives on the job and here after i-e after job, they would not be more reluctant to contribute little past of their wages and salaries to the funds created. The retirement benefits include the employees with 20 minimum and 30 maximum years of service credits. For example elaborating the concept of escalation, the employee working in an organization has service credit less than 25 years but more than 20 years qualify the benefits of partial escalation. And the worker with full or more than 25 years of service tenure is a qualified for the advantages of full escalation. Escalation basically is a process in which increment and decline is done in the amount each year in the month of April on the basis of â€Å"cost of living† index. Academia can get to know the benefits prevailing regarding the retirement of employees. The basic objective attached to this perspective is to get contribution by the employees and to eliminate reluctance for the contribution made for the funds from the employees’ salaries. Business world can inculcate this initiative in their employee management programs so that they could increase the performance of the

Information Technology assignment unit 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Information Technology assignment unit 4 - Essay Example The speed is not a great concern so I have chosen a medium speed for printing b. In this scenario we have a firm that uses computer only for word processing. The biggest application occupies 24 MB, so we do not require a system with huge capacity drives and processing power. The hardware configuration selected for this firm is given: c. In this type of firm we need systems that have extreme processing power and clock speed power. Here we have to process at high speed because scientific applications require more processing power, so configuration of the system is given below; d. In this scenario we need a better printing power and this can only be achieved through enhanced memory. Because the printing current pages are stored in the RAM so we need better RAM as compared to processing power. Here we need a printer that can print the pages at higher speed. We also need big data travel drive. a. Magnetic tapes: In this scenario we need to store thousands of employee records for several years. This storage is only for backup procedure. Here we do not require processing of records. So we will choose the magnetic tapes those provide large storage capacity at less expenses. b. Magnetic hard disks: Air line reservation requires fast and large record processing. Here in this scenario we require systems that provide high storage and fast processing speed. The selection of magnetic hard disks is the best choice for such areas of working. c. Recordable optical discs (CD-R: write once, read many): the maintenance manual facility is effectively provided through CR-Rom technology. Main reasons of this technology selection are the less cost and appropriate capacity of medium for the maintenance manual storage. d. Flash memory USB drives: when we want to take any digital data from one place to another then the flash memory USB drives are the best choice. These are high speed data travel

Increasing numbers of inmate in prisons Research Paper

Increasing numbers of inmate in prisons - Research Paper Example These factors include the increase of older population, the increase of crime and productivity of inmates in the United States. Increase of older population and its impacts Over the years, the population in the United States continues to increase due to high fertility rate, increase of live birth and some other factors such as geographical movement of the people. In 1995 the national population in the United States has grown by 13 million from 1990 (US Census Bureau, 2010). From 2000 to 2006, the US population increased by 6.39% but the overall population growth rate slowed down by 17% (Geo Midpoint, 2011). However, the entire national population in the United States does not shrink in number, rather it continues to grow. Its condition at present time is moving into an upward spiral while it becomes older in general. However, this trend started in 1980s. The population growth rate in 1980 was 10% and 13% in 1990 (US Census Bureau, 2010). In 2000, the US population was growing older w ith majority of them from fifteen down to fifty-four year old (US Census Bureau, 2010). This implies that the population in the US is getting older. However, a certain study shows that age structure is related to the prison population (Marvell and Moody, 1997). The age groups with high imprisonment rate are eighteen to twenty four, twenty five to thirty four, and thirty five to forty four. In 1980 to 1987, it was the groups with age twenty four to forty four that grew most rapidly (Walker, 1996). This probably explains the dramatic increase of prison system in the United States starting in 1980s. Considering that the population in the United States is getting older and the age of individuals with high imprisonment ranges from eighteen to forty four, the number of crimes is expected to move in an upward spiral. In general, the number of violence and crimes in the United States has a positive association with the increasing number of its older population. For instance, those people wh o committed crimes or violent behavior at the age of 18 may eventually repeat the same act in the following years of their life. For instance, it is found that re-victimization pattern is associated with imprisonment (Finkelhor et al., 2007). In fact, this study further shows that within family older siblings are most likely to stand as factor for both risk and decrease of re-victimization process. This further implies that age is associated with the increase of crime in the United States. In fact, it is not only in the United States, but in other countries that most of inmates have long criminal records (Tonry, 2004). This means that they have various records of imprisonment or being in prison due to crimes or violent behaviors they committed against the law. These people have committed the same or related crimes all over again due to alcohol and drug abuse (Tonry, 2004). In the United States, substance abuse and alcohol addiction are pervasive issues that the national government h as long been given with its wider focus and attention. The fact that these social problems have contributed to the increase of crimes, violent behavior of a person and other related accidents, the government is very eager to alleviate or eventually impede their negative impacts. However, there is another important issue that needs to be closely determined aside from finding for the right solution of these social problems. In the United States, adults and young adults are strongly linked to alcohol

Two stories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Two stories - Essay Example The boy realized that it is easier and simpler to control temper and anger, than to hammer the nails into the wooden fence. Finally, the boy was capable of completely control his anger and temper. He informed his father concerning the new situation of experiencing no anger. The father ten directed the boy to remove the each nail, for the days he was incapable of managing his anger. The weeks passed, and finally the boy informed his father that all the nails have been removed from the wooden fence. The father led his son by hand and led him to the wooden fence. He instructed his son to observe the holes left in the fence. The holes distorted the surface of the fence. In a similar situation, anger distorts and leaves a noticeable scar. The father informed the son that if he strikes somebody with a knife and immediately removes it; the wound will forever be there, despite numerous apologies to the victim. Acha was a famous and renowned artist and sculptor in the ancient world. His sculptural work closely resembled the real inspirational object. On a certain day, Acha had a unique dream. The dream illustrated that immediately after the fifteenth day; he will be captured and taken by the death demon. To protect himself, Acha produced nine statues of the exact image of himself. During the fifteenth day, Acha heard of the coming of the death demon. He immediately stood between the nine statues. The death demon failed to identify him among the statutes. The demon was surprised to see ten, instead of one Acha, uncapable of making a decision, the death demon decided to report back to his master, the death god. The death god was so annoyed; hence he decided to capture Acha himself. On reaching the venue, he saw the ten Achas; the real Acha stood motionless, expressionless and alert. The ten Achas perplexed and confused the death god. He carefully analyzed the situation and then loudly remaerked that the sculpture will

The Concept of Grace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Concept of Grace - Essay Example The accused would defend them as being an orphan, was defending them, and would be granted the grace. Grace may also occur in a situation where one is given time to pay a dept. Many always referred to it as the grace period. If a friend owes some money, he may give each other grace period to get the money. This grace could be given because the debtor was in little problem and could not pay up on time. It is difficult to find other organisations such as banks giving grace period. This is because they have their fixed times set out for payment of loans. According to religion, God gave his only son, who was without sin, to come and die for the sins of humans. This shows how much God loved the human race. He did not want us to perish in sin (Gesenius & Samuel, 2003). One of the most appropriate ways to express grace is by forgiving someone who has behaved inappropriately. This may or may not be a relative. When parents indulge their children and continue to pay school fees for them, it is a measure of grace. Another appropriate way to show grace is when one does well to someone who always wrongs him or her. In this way, the person doing the crime does not deserve to be treated rightly, but they are favoured. This is a show of the unmerited favour. People always say we are living by the grace of God. This shows that humans have not given God anything in the form of payment to allow them to live. God just allow them to live even if they continue sinning. Persons are prone to taking advantage of others kindness. The above named examples could be ways of inappropriate ways to show grace, if one is your friend and they keep doing wrong things because they know that they would not be held accountable. In such a situation, it is wrong to show grace. This is because they are taking advantage of other peoples kindness. Giving people a long grace period to pay up their debts is inappropriate. This is because they tend to think that everyone is lenient as you are. This

Being Successful in a Sales Career Essay Example for Free

Being Successful in a Sales Career Essay It is usually the wish of every person to be successful. This is the reason why most people strive to secure careers that are not only successful but also lucrative. Business related careers are usually the most competitive; hence, they are quite flooded with people. A profession in sales is one of the business careers that are flooded. Salespersons are people tasked with the responsibility of foreseeing the selling of goods or services to other entities so that the company can make profits in return (Vogt). A career in sales is usually critical, hence, only the best are assigned these positions. Before one commences his or her career a salesperson, he or she ought to possess a number of qualifications. For instance, to be successful as a salesperson, apart from good communication skills, one ought to have patience as well as good attitude (Foley). The study aims to address the basic requirements that one ought to possess in order to be successful in a sales career. Listening and Asking Questions The reason why a career in sales is challenging is because it is vast due to the large number of people already present in this profession. Hence, in order to stand out, apart from being determined, one also ought to work harder. First, one needs to be confident. When one is confident, this increases chances of becoming successful since clients will also become confident in him or her. For this to be achieved, one ought to be inquisitive. That is, apart from asking questions, one has to pay attention to the answers being given by clients (Michaels). According to Michaels, this skill distinguishes ordinary salespersons from those that are skilled and successful. This is because most salespersons spend their time trying to convince clients into purchasing their products instead of discovering the actual needs of these clients. In order to portray confidence, one has to speak with authority about the goods or services. In such cases, consistency is mandatory. This is because any attempt to flatter or change attitude is normally devastating since it makes one appear fake and unprofessional (YEC). Being in possession of good listening skills is of great importance to salespersons since it allows clients express themselves freely, hence, increasing chances of customer loyalty (Foley). While listening, it is vital that one observes a number of skills. For instance, one ought to be sincere, that is, listening to customers without any hidden agenda whatsoever. Second, one ought to possess good ethics; this implies that good salespersons are not supposed to talk someone into something. They ought to listen to what clients want. Finally, to create good relationships, one also has to ask questions that will enable prospective clients make wise purchasing decisions (Michaels). In order to be a successful salesperson, one ought to be knowledgeable. In order to achieve this skill, salespersons need to ensure that they perform lots of research on the background of products they are selling and their capacities (YEC). For instance, good salespersons ought to comprehend products being sold in addition to articulating their value. This skill is quite essential since it boosts customer loyalty. Most customers prefer dealing with salespersons that have full knowledge of the prod ucts they need. For this to be achieved, knowledge is mandatory. Persuasiveness The main objective of a salesperson in any organization is to ensure that goods and services are sold, which is usually directly proportional to the company’s profitability. For a company to achieve the required profits, salespersons ought to be persuasive. By being persuasive, they are normally in a position to attract more customers into purchasing their products or services. In order to be persuasive, one needs to have good communications skill in addition to transparency as well as positive attitude. It is only though this that one will be in a position to attract more customers into making purchases (YEC). According to Foley, good salespersons use platforms such as seminars to persuade more customers into purchasing their products. Although it is the responsibility of every salesperson to be persuasive, what makes some salespersons successful than others is the manner in which they use their persuasive skills (Foley). One’s persuasiveness is normally determined by the manner in which he or she interacts with prospective clients. It is the responsibility of a good salesperson to initiate a conversation. The main objective of starting a conversation is usually to engage the client by asking questions that will make him talk. It is only after initiating a conversation that a salesperson is able to persuade his client into purchasing a product or service (Foley). When a client responds positively to the conversation initiated by the salesperson, this enables the salesperson obtain useful information on what the client really wants. Apart from the acquisition of insight on what the client wishes to purchase, the conversation also enables the salesperson know how much money the clients are willing to spend in addition to whether they will make any compromises or not. Acquisition of these insights is usually of great importance since it distinguishes skilled salespersons. It is through this inform ation that a salesperson is able to persuade a client into purchasing a product or service. According to Vogt, for a salesperson to be successful in persuading more clients into making purchases, one ought to be more of a friend than a salesperson. When a salesperson acts more of a friend, this increases chances of making more sales since clients feel at ease when interacting with such a person. In order to achieve this persuasive skill, one needs to ensure that he or she talks politely with prospective clients and with an attitude that is friendly. Through persuasiveness, clients become at ease since they tend to believe that the salesperson serving them is helping them make good purchase decisions and not trying to make them spend their money on goods and services (Vogt). Intelligence Although all salespersons can be persuasive, not all of them possess the intelligence factor. Intelligence is one of the main factors that determine whether a salesperson has a successful career or not. According to studies, for one to have a successful career as a salesperson, one ought to possess intelligence (Vogt). Intelligent salespersons portray a number of skills. For instance, they are usually self-motivated, this enables them interact positively with their customers, hence, increasing chances of making more sales. Intelligent salespersons rarely take no for an answer. This is because they know how to persist politely (YEC). Good salespersons know that rejection is part of sales; hence, not all sales end positively. Despite this form of awareness, great salespersons are never discouraged. This is because they never take rejections personally. Whereas normal salespersons embrace rejections, successful salespersons use them as stepping-stones to success. Apart from intelligent, successful salespersons are also personable as well as self-driven. These mixed personalities are usually of great importance to successful salespersons since they enable them acquire many prospective clients, hence, resulting to the creation of strong customer relations, which result to high dividends within a short period. Intelligent salespersons also possess good empathy; that is, the manner in which they interact with their customers. For a salesperson to be successful, he or she ought to relate properly with customers, for instance, supporting clients into making the right decisions. In order to achieve this, one ought to be in possession of personal empathy. Through empathy, salespersons are able to pay attention to the needs of prospective clients. Similarly, through empathy, they are also able to relate properly with clients (YEC). Conclusion Salespersons are usually the people tasked with the responsibility of ensuring that goods and services are sold. This profession is quite demanding since it requires lots of dedication. The salespersons profession is quite flooded, hence, to stand out, one ought to be determined and confident. In order to achieve this, one ought to embrace a number of factors. For instance, one needs to possess good listening skills. Through listening, salespersons are able to comprehend what the client needs as well as how much money a client is willing to spend on a certain product or service. Apart from listening skills, successful salespersons also ought to be knowledgeable. In order to achieve knowledge, they have to conduct research on the products and services they are selling. Finally, for a person to be successful as a salesperson, apart from being persuasive, one also ought to be intelligent. For a salesperson to stand out from the rest, he ought to be more of a friend than a salesperson. T his increases the chances of purchases since clients tend to become at ease with a friendly salesperson. References Foley, Len. â€Å"The Ten Laws of Sales Success.† Entrepreneur. 2014. Web. 15 November 2014. http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/239642 Michaels, Sharon. â€Å"3 Powerful Skills you must have To Succeed In Sales.† Forbes. 2011. Web. 15 November 2014. http://www.forbes.com/sites/womensmedia/2011/08/22/3-powerful-skills-you-must-have-to-succeed-in-sales/ Vogt, Peter. â€Å"Have a Great First Year in Sales.† Monster. 2014. Web. 15 November 2014. http://career-advice.monster.com/in-the-office/starting-a-new-job/have-a-great-first-year-in-sales/article.aspx YEC. â€Å"13 Traits of an Outstanding Salesperson.† INC. 2014. Web. 15 November 2014. http://www.inc.com/young-entrepreneur-council/13-qualities-to-look-for-in-your-next-sales-hire.html Source document

Egyptian History Essay Example for Free

Egyptian History Essay The period in Egypt from 2660 to 1100 BC can be considered as a very important time in Egyptian history as it witnessed many changes in how the land was ruled. This period in time experienced wars and changes in leadership, slowly molding the Egyptian nation into what it is today. These people and events not only played an important role in Egypt’s history but also for the rest of the world. One specific period during this time was the Old Kingdom, back to the time when Egypt was ruled by the Third Dynasty all throughout the Sixth Dynasty. During this time, the capital of Egypt was located at Memphis, and the ruling pharaoh was Djoser. This period in time was known for the construction of large pyramids, which were built to serve as the burial places for pharaohs and other important persons during that time. This was considered as the Age of Pyramids. During this time only the pharaoh ruled the former independent ancient states of Egypt which was known as nomes. The former ruler of these states were forced to take the role of governor, else, they’ll have to work in the tax collection area. During this time, the pharaoh is not only recognized as a ruler but as a god, and was worshipped by all his subordinates. This is because of the belief that worshipping these gods would mean assurance of the annual flooding of the Nile River. This is because agriculture during this time centered on the â€Å"fertile crescent† or the area which has been flooded by the Nile. All their crops are dependent on this annual flooding, as Egypt is filled with barren lands and desserts which they cannot use for farming and agriculture and the river is their only hope for scarce food supplies. This period of time also witnessed feuds between different rulers which resulted from the fall of the Old Kingdom. The previous kingdom collapsed as a result of civil conflict which was insinuated by regional governors waging wars on each other. The unity of the kingdom weakened, causing it to finally fall. The case worsened as the lands were plagued with severe drought, resulting to a drop in rainfall, affecting the normal flooding of the Nile River. Decades of famine and strife followed eventually. Intermediate periods have risen afterwards, wherein there were several acting rulers and leaders, further complicating the matters. This has lead to many wars between the different peoples of Egypt, since no one held power over the whole nation. To make matters worse, neighboring lands were starting to invade Egypt, hoping to besiege the already war-torn nation. Because of this, consolidations were made by local leaders and a new line of pharaohs have been formed. After several changes in the ruling heads, Egypt was able to prosper further and continued to exist many years after. Some pharaohs were able to expand their influence, thus making the nation wealthier and more powerful. This period however, ended in another intermediate period wherein the power has been divided between the recognized king which was Smendes and the High Priests of Amun at Thebes. The king ruled the northern half of the nation while the High Priests took control of the southern part of the country. This division proved to be less significant since both the ruling king and high priests came from the same family line.

The Criteria For Evaluating Strategic Alternative Marketing Essay

The Criteria For Evaluating Strategic Alternative Marketing Essay This strategic plan is prepared by IM Smart Management Consulting Firm and will start off examining Googles external environmental influences. Next, in-depth assessment on the industrys competitive five forces which affect Googles profitability will be done. Lastly, Googles internal strength and weaknesses will be analyzed to generate its competitive implication. From these analyses, we discovered that Google will face legal and performance issues due to its offensive strategy in the long run. We have developed three strategic alternatives (Strategic Alliances, Defensive Strategies and Broadening Diversification Base) which Google can adopt to enhance its competitive position. The plan will be concluded with a recommended strategic alternative and its pitfalls. EXTERNAL ANALYSIS PEST Analysis After conducting PEST and Porter Analysis for Google, we have derived at the following: Political: The expansion of Google was obstructed by the government such as US and Chinese authority. They viewed Google as a monopoly and request authority to monitor its activities (Google, 2009). However, this barrier does not affect Googles operations as Google responded immediately to the customers by addressing its policies in regard to political/legal aspects. Example: Google China announced that it is still providing filtered search results on its website to fulfill the censor search results policy (China Daily, 2010). Economic: Google focuses on highly targeted, measurable advertising, thus making it more successful than other competitors. The crucial need to stay up to date and continuously connected keeps its core services vibrant despite the parched surroundings due to economic recession (Google, 2010). Social-Cultural: Individuals are getting more educated and competent. Therefore lifestyle and demand of individuals are changing rapidly. Google has to take note of such changes in order to compete with its competitors by providing addition services such as email. Individual are also increasingly becoming more connected due to the increased means of communication available through the internet such as MSN, face book and mobile phone with internet capability. Google has responded by building their mobile devices and released its own Android Mobile Phone Platform and Operating System. By tapping on these, Google shall have great advantage with increased number of search queries and better competitive standing. Technological: The widespread diffusion of information and communication technology allows board geographic dispersion and integration of business activists. Innovative web applications set trends in search, internet direct advertising and portable applications thus causing a more rapid and disruptive change in technology. Google has to take detailed measures to stay ahead by keeping pace with technology advancement and maintains low cost (Refer to Exhibit A for Overview of PEST analysis). Porter 5 Forces Analysis Buyers: The bargaining power is high. The lifestyle of users on using the search tool is becoming more sophisticated and demanding. Substitutes are easily available at lower cost or even free. Example: Google online photo storage priced at $5 per year for 20GB, but face book provided it for free. Google are required to satisfy both client groups equally. Example: organizations customers would prefer their advertisement broadcasting in big banner on the webpage; however, individual customers will feel very disturbing as they just want the search results. Substitute: The bargaining power is high as buyers switching cost is low. There are plenty of replacements such as advertisement on television, radio, magazine, poster and search hotline. Suppliers: The bargaining power is low. Google is regionally not globally dominant and hardware purchases are one-time off. Google search is heavily depending on its competitors Microsoft and Apple software. If there are any new software releases from them, Google search may not perform well if no timely update is done. Potential entrants: The bargaining power is low. Yahoo and Microsoft have improved their search engines and can on pass their search tool through their products. There is no specific requirement for search engine, thus a better search engine invented by another will critically affect Google. Also, the monitoring of authority from its political environment could affect Googles current technology and philosophy. Competitors: The bargaining power is high. There is no patent on search engine so the environment can be easily exploited or manipulated. The switching cost is low. Example: Microsoft and Apple have embedded their search tool into their Explorer browser. Also, rival search tools have their own unique strength (Such as Yahoo attracts audience by its nice appearance). (Refer to Exhibit B for Overview of Porter 5 forces analysis) INTERNAL ANALYSIS (VIRO Analysis) We have observed that Googles net revenue keeps growing from 2001- 2008. Since the 2004 IPO, the stock price has soars from less than $100 to above $700. The number of Internet users keeps increasing around the world, especially Asia. As the number one Internet search giant, Google attract majority of the new Internet users to be its customers. Google understands customer demand and monitor how individual lifestyle is changing rapidly each day. This understanding allows Googles business strategy to outshine among its competitors. Overall, we think that Googles business strategy works excellent at present but better strategic alternatives need to be in place. After conducting Google internal analysis, we have concluded the following: Value: Google owns the Page-Rank technology, which allows them to provide the most accurate search results. The dominant market share and huge loyalty from customers gives Google competitive advantages. Rarity: The services provided by Google are not rare. Many other companies also offer alternative services such as search, email, blog, video sharing, online office application and cloud computing. Imitability: All Googles services can be imitated. For example: the Microsoft Bing Search engine has incorporated several elements of the Google search: The Simple UI, sponsor link, and page ranking. Organization: Google has strong financial power, research and development capabilities. The company is ready to delivery new products to stay competitive, or acquire potential competitors to eliminate threats. PROBLEM STATEMENT We have observed that the main problem with Google is that the offensive strategies to improve its market shares/performance will lead to severe problems in the future. Google faces increasingly intensive competition from experienced incumbents like Microsoft, Social networks and Baidu which had been gaining popularity within the Asia region. They will always be active in making fresh moves to increase or solidify their market position. With Google trying to dominate the cloud computing and search engine markets, this long-term strategy is backfiring with incumbents developing similar, if not, improved strategies to retain their market standing. In the long run, Googles plan to become the dominant provider of cloud computing might also lead legal suits and privacy concerns. With increasing use of virtual server hosting, more enterprise networks, servers and data storages run virtually. Even when good security protection methods were employed, important data will still be vulnerable and can be monitored for unauthorized uses. This will lead to data security issues like information used for unintended purpose and data disruption/loss in the event of natural disasters. CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING STRATEGIC ALTERNATIVE Strategic alternatives must be able to create growth opportunities with high return of investment. Hambrick Fredrickson (2001) have mentioned that strategies are an integrated; overarching concept of how business will achieve its objectives. Therefore we recommend that Google evaluate its strategic alternatives by looking at its vehicles (how Google wants to gets there, including alliances); staging (Google speed and sequence of actions); and economic logic (how profits and returns will be generated). STRATEGIC ALTERNATIVES AND EVALUATION Strategic Alliances with other enterprises It is futile for Google to fight head with head against equally skilled competitors as its offensive strategic approaches will causes disruption its dominance in innovation in the long run. Hence, we recommend that Google alter their strategy and join forces with its competitors to add-value to its resources and capabilities (Refer to Exhibit C). With strategic alliance, Google can engage in a mutual formal relationship with two or more organizations and join forces strategically to achieve collaborative valuable strategic outcomes. It allows joint contribution of resources, capabilities, shared risk, shared control and mutual dependence. Aim of strategic alliance is for Google to achieve synergy where benefits from the alliance will be greater than those from individual efforts. Google will be able to improve market access via global marketing alliance to have more breakthroughs in international markets such as China. The new partnerships will also bring about faster and better development of new technologies/products to improve competitive position. With alliance, Google can overcome deficits in expertise and creates new competitive capabilities by bringing together unique personnel of each partner. Lastly, it will help Google to achieve economies of scale and achieve better efficiency (Gamble Thompson, 2011). Defensive Strategies to Protect Company Market Position Another alternative that we recommend will be for Google to adopt defensive strategy (Refer to Exhibit D) to enrich its competitive position. The purpose of defensive strategies is to lower the risk of being attacked, weaken the impact of any attack that occurs and influence challengers to aim their efforts at other rivals. There are two forms Google can take if defensive strategies are used. The two forms are blocking the avenues open to challenges and signaling to potential challengers that retaliation is likely. For example: if Google were to choose to block the avenues open to challenges it has to be more innovative and be more receptive in learning culture differences while embarking on businesses with the Chinese in China. China is a country that contains massive human resources with creative minds. Hence to block any new invention or products being produced, Google need to act fast by thinking differently and enhanced its research and development by being more unique and allowing creativity to flourish. If Google were to choose in practicing the latter, its leaders need to be more vocal by publicly announcing managements commitment to maintain the firms market share, publicly committing the firm to a policy of matching competitors terms or prices or maintaining a war chest of cash and marketable securities. However, Google must not be too vocal in a foreign land, especially China is highly unadvisable as Chinese do not enjoy firms that are too vocal and do not know the meaning of modesty. As a result, Google can end up losing its market share totally (Gamble and Thompson, 2011). Broadening the Diversification Base We think that it is important for Google to diversify into a new business with its existing products as it offers the potential to strengthen and build a better competitive advantage. Google is facing risk due to the increasing power of incumbent like social networks, which inevitably affect the search industry (For example: Facebook has search function in their website). Thus through diversification, Google can tap into the mobile world and reposition itself in the market by improving features offered by Android. We also recommend utilizing and incorporating Googles existing services such as Google Images and Google Maps to broaden the companys diversification base with new technologies in the market. In our daily course of work as consultants, we came across a new technology known as the Bokodes. This latest technology provides users with a more interactive approach to information at anywhere and anytime. It opens up a new range of applications in the areas of tagging, user interaction and near field communication. Google can also create an application using Bokode technology that reference to its current services such as Google Images or Google Maps (Refer to Exhibit E.) These can typically result in extensive co-marketing by giving Google many opportunities to widen its share of banner/video ads which in return builds more revenues as well as to be the pioneer in offering an innovative approach to consumers (Gamble Thompson, 2011). RECOMMENDED ALTERNATIVES/ EVALUATION AND LIMITATION Among the three suggested alternatives, we recommend that Google implements the defensive strategy. It is futile for Google to fight head with head against its competitors so defensive strategy will minimize the impact of rivals attack moves. This alternative will not cause much disruption and trade-off to Googles operation. As Google has already a large market base for its existing innovative products, it should focus its existing product categories in a specific market segment/geographic area. In addition, Google has innovative people and they have dynamic capabilities and core competencies to strive for continuous improvement and develop breakthrough defensive strategies. We will undertake a SWOT analysis (Refer to Exhibit F) to evaluate strength, opportunities and limitation (Weaknesses and Threats) for this alternative. CONCLUSION In conclude, Google is a firm that has great potential to expand its market position. However, expansion is not an easy task and it takes great strategy and meticulous planning for Google to achieve its objectives. Hence Google need to adopt an open mind in conducting its businesses and practice a strategy that will benefit them in the long run. Exhibit A (Overview of PEST Analysis) Political / Legal Regulation by US and China government Sensitive data to be leak to terrorism, such as bomb making / map Legal suit against Google for 3rd parties content and privacy such as Google map Pest Analysis Google strategy Technology Maintains competitive prices with advance technology Suit the social lifestyle such as photo sharing, search trend Allow more business from all over the world to using internet Ensure technology do not overstep to unnecessary legal issues Hardware getting cheaper Economic Survival during 2009 financial crisis High focus on advertisement Seen threat as opportunity, such as crisis. Individual are more keen on job search and financial new. Google will be their priority search Social No age limit Life style changing Individual are more educated Demand increasing such as addition service, photo sharing, email, storage More individual to own computer / mobile phone. Entrant: Low Technology easy to replicate. No specific standard for search engine Large customer base, Low switching cost Capital requirement is minimum No geographic restriction Authority is monitoring Google activities Supplier: Low Supplier is limited Supplier is also competitor, such as Microsoft, Apple Google is heavily dependable on Microsoft and Apple OS Supplier has more control than Google Competitor: High Easy to replicate Switching cost is low or free Supplier is also their competitor which are well informed of their product Competitor has their own unique strength Buyer/Customer: High Customer lifestyle is changing rapidly Switching cost is low or free Customer with all different demands Customer are well inform of the price Many competitors to choose. Substitutes: High Advertisement on traditional method Newspapers, media, radio, search hotline Switching cost is low Exhibit B (Overview of Porter 5 Forces Analysis) Exhibit C (Suggested Plans for Strategic Alliances and Benefits) Alliance between Google and Microsoft: Microsoft has improvise their Live search, Semantic Search capability and own approach to cloud computing to compete with Googles offensive strategy in substitute products. Semantic search engines will be the biggest threat to Google as it outshines its search engine by attaining more relevant search results thus threatening its core business by building a new search engine empire. Microsoft acquired a firm in the semantic field but the present technology has many limitations. Therefore, we recommend that Google reach a development alliance to fully develop this search engine. Google has highly capable people who are innovative, the joint effort will bury the hatch and make Semantic search a more powerful tool. With the alliance, both can incorporate this fully developed technology into their products, creating a win-win situation. The two companies can also collaborate together in cloud clouting whereby Google can use web based Microsoft Office (instead of Google web based software applications). Apart from having a great search engine and endless innovations, Google is still relatively new to applications that require high amount of user interactions. Tapping onto Microsofts cosmic experiences in technologies which drive the famous Windows and Office suites, Google will undoubtedly benefit from Microsofts vast resources and branding. As Cloud clouting will also lead to higher risk of privacy lawsuits, the collaboration will allow development of a better security program with encryption keys which provides reliable capacity in the cloud can be injected to prevent intrusions, resulting in reduced risks for both in authenticity issues. Alliance between Google and China Companies: China has tight internet regulatory controls which put Chinese companies like Baidu at advantage. In addition, Chinese companies will understand local culture better and can create products which will appeal to the Chinese more. Hence, it will be beneficial for Google to enter into alliance with Chinese partners to have exploit knowledge on product market in order to tap on more china market shares and enhance competitive standing. To start the process, we recommend that they collaborate with partners (example: search engine and social media) on marketing as it will entail finding out what the china market wants and also build on knowledge with its resource market. From there, Google can customize and through their sales partners, market to whole of China in a cost effective manner. For example: free download videos from the Internet are very popular in China. Perhaps, Google together with partners can make available free western Hollywood movies to China. This will help bolster its video offering/advertising revenues for ads display during the video. Other than that, they can sell Google phones or other smart phones bundled with Google/Android operating system. This will help them improve their mobile search market shares, banner ads and video ads within the China market. Exhibit D (Illustration of Putting Defensive Strategies in Its Place for Google) Google could revisit its strategy plan on an ongoing basis so as to improve its return on investment and position in the technology industry. Projected is the recommended strategy plan in adopting defensive strategy. Strategic Analysis Industry analysis Trends in the users preference, especially in search engine usage, advertising and China market Environment forecast (internal/external) Analyzing competitors development esp. from Baidu Assessment of Google SWOT diagram Mission Google purpose Google values Objectives Specific targets (for example to be more innovative and creative in the search engine specialty internationally). Supporting Organizational Arrangements Structure Process Policies and profiles Googles creative/innovative personnel Rewards/benefits Activities Strategy (Defensive) Concept on how Google will execute the defensive strategy to improve market position Exhibit E Bokode: Imperceptible Visual Tags for Camera Based Interaction from a Distance (Data adopted from MIT Media Lab, 2009) It is a camera-based interaction technology which an ordinary camera can detect small optical tags from a comparatively far distance. Consisting of a low-cost optical design whereby the tags reduces up to 3mm visible diameter, unmodified ordinary camera several meters away can be set up to decode the identity plus relative distance and angle. Bokode use intelligent binary coding to estimate the relative distance and angle to the camera and show potential for application in augmented reality and motion capture. A user who is standing right in front of a shop wants to find out information about the shop and its surroundings. Hence, he did a search by using his camera phone to tag onto an image of the shop that has a visual Bokode tag embedded on its signboard. His mobile phone that has a built-in Bokode reader enables the user to gather information in a form of indifferent directions such as providing information about restaurants nearby, hotels information, transportation guide or it says the other brand of cereal are selling at a dollar cheap at the other supermarket store This technology can works in a wide variety of ways including classrooms, public places, print advertisement, outdoor billboards, product packaging and labels. Exhibit F SWOT Analysis of Googles adopting Defensive Strategy Strength Innovative and creative workforce. Workforce has strong passion in what they do and monetary value is not really an issue. Hence Google will be able to defend fast. Strong brand reputation so trusted by consumers. So it better for Google to build defense using existing products/services. Google leaders are young entrepreneurs hence acting fast/defensive may not be an issue to them. Weaknesses Competitor (Baidu) has superior access to distribution channels. Innovations are relatively easy to be imitated so good defensive tools might be duplicated. Google has a history of having offensive strategies which can cause the company to lose large amount of revenues. Google has too many services in order to dominate search marketing and be ahead of others to gain competitive advantage but some of these services are not widely used. Hence, being defensive they have to be more focus in developing the correct defensive tool. Opportunities Massive human resource in China to fully develop good defensive strategy (ability to tap on Chinese creative minds to enhance Google research base). Strategic alliances to join forces (Defensive) instead of fighting against competitors. New product incorporation (example: Bokodes) thus creating good alternative to develop its defensive strategy. Threats Imitation is a norm in China so competitors will still be fast enough to match any defensive strategy. Uncertainty in the external environment that is beyond control therefore comprehensive defensive strategy will still backfire. Chinese users are more loyal to local company resulting in smaller market share for Google (Defensive strategy in China backfires).

Inner and outer beauty in Dorian Gray Essay examples -- essays researc

The term ‘beauty’ may have very relative significance. Something can be beautiful for us, but ugly for other people. The external beauty of a person is often the first thing that we pay attention to. This is the result of the association of beauty with good and ugliness with evil. Through the outer appearance we make a general opinion about a given person. Such a way of thinking may be very misleading. In order to get to know the person we need to look to the inside – into the soul. This is the place where the real beauty and ugliness are hidden. The notion of inner and outer beauty is perfectly presented in the novel ‘The Picture of Dorian Gray’ by Oscar Wilde. The story described in this book shows how the external attractiveness influences people’s behavior and corrupts the inner beauty. The plot situated in the XIX England perfectly describes the higher class of this period. Shallow and two-faced society is concentrated only on the esthetical values of the surrounding. Youth and beauty are the most precious and cultivated things. Even the worst deeds are forgotten if your beauty is extraordinary. The main character, Dorian Gray is an example of a person from a higher class. This twenty-year old and extremely handsome young man is regarded among society as an ideal of beauty. His Physical attractiveness draws the attention of a very talented painter Basil Hallward. He decides to immortalize Dorian’s beauty and paints his portrait. In the meantime Dorian meets cynical nobleman, Lord Henry Wotton. Just like everyone else, Lord Henry is astonished by the prettiness and innocence of Dorian. Henry is a charming talker, and his views concerning beauty are the same as the views of other members of aristocracy. He cherishes it above all considering it as the most important thing in life. The talk with Lord Henry makes Dorian to think about the elapsing of the physical attractiveness. He realizes that some day his charm and youth will disappear and he will not be able to live a careless life anymore. This thought scares him very much especially when he sees the finished portrait, painted by Basil. He makes a whish, which will change his life forever: ‘If it were I who was to be always young and the picture that was to grow old! For that I would give anything! Yes, there is nothing in the world I would not give! I would give my soul for that’ (Chapter 2). Dorian i... ...s primeval looks, showing his magnificent outer beauty. The book is full of allegories and illusions. Even the title has a deeper meaning. The word ‘dorian’ means ‘golden’ in ancient Greek. The linking of two colors: golden and gray perfectly reflects complexity of the main character. Dorian is an example of a Narcissist, a person who is in love with his own look. His glamorous good looks contrasts with the rotten and evil inside. The story shows how shallow people can be while judging others. Another interesting point is the misleading statement that the beauty always comes together with goodness. The painting which serves as a mirror of Dorian’s soul perfectly reflects the inevitably changes in his character, while the beauty of his face is unchanged. No one beliefs in the evil stories about him because of his outstanding outer appearance,’ The Picture of Dorian Gray’ is a timeless story about what is really important in life, namely our inside. Only by knowing our hidden emotions we can re ally judge whether the person is good or bad. Bibliography: Varty,A.(1998).A Preface to Oscar Wilde,Longman,NY Cornish,F.H.;Wilde,Oscar(1993).The Picture of Dorian Gray,Heinemann,Oxford

Facundo or Civilization and Barbarism by Domingo R. Sarmiento Essay

Facundo or Civilization and Barbarism by Domingo R. Sarmiento "Facundo or, Civilization and Barbarism," by Domingo F. Sarmiento is a book which talks about the many topics of government and political situations in which Argentina was involved. Mary Mann is the translator of the book and the introduction is by Ilan Stavans. The time period the story takes place in is the nineteenth century, but the book was written in 1845. The geographic areas in which the events take place are Argentina, Chile, and most of the southernmost part of South America, such as Uruguay and Paraguay. To add to the setting, the book talks about the terrain, which includes the Andes Mountains, the plains, and the forest. The principal characters in the book are Domingo F. Sarmiento, Juan Facundo Quiroga, a caudillo, and Argentina's dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas. Sarmiento's main points for writing this book were to discredit the caudillos and Rosas. Also, to show the truth about how things were in Argentina. When taking a look at this book, a person must take a look at the society and politics of the area to see how these things go hand in hand in Argentina. First of all, Rosas was the presidential dictator at the time and had the reputation of a tyrant. The Inhabitants of the land where mostly Spanish, Indian natives. Most of Argentina’s land was filled with deserted areas due to the low population, and the fact that not many people lived in Argentina's vast mountains and plain areas. This vast land was so large, that most governments could not control it, and criminals could basically do, as they wanted. Most of these criminals, gauchos, barbarians, or call them what you will overran these plains and mountains. It was the behavio... ...n good. Just like that of Facundo, when he took over Argentina and implemented his own governing and caused chaos. Both of these gauchos show you that they just strive to do what they want for themselves to make them happy and not the people of nation. The final comparisons is how one can see the liberal ideas of Sarmiento fighting against the more conservative ideas of the gaucho which were going against the civilization in Argentina. For example, Sarmiento wants to end the dictatorship and caudilloism, for these two held down the people’s individual rights and caused obstacles to the advance of civilization. The leaders in the dictatorship and caudilloism try to retain their own ideas and force them on everyone, not allowing for freedom of ideas or rights. In the end Sarmiento wins over the gauchos in Argentina and causes an advance in Argentina’s civilization.

Rent Control: Pros And Cons :: Rent Control New York Argumentative Essays

Rent Control: Pros and Cons Rent control is the government imposition of price ceilings on rent for apartments in certain areas of a city. The goal is usually to protect the rights of the poor. Thus, in a rent controlled or rent stabilized building, the amount of rent will not increase as quickly as inflation. While the moral side of rent control may have some appeal, in the long run the disadvantages far outweigh the advantages. Those who argue in favor of rent control say that it is the only way to protect lower-income tenants from landlords who overprice, and from being forced to move out of a neighborhood because they cannot afford the rent. Limiting the price that a landlord can demand helps maintain a city's ethnic diversity and prevents the creation of slums on the outskirts of the main city. Another thing that proponents say is that by linking rent prices to apartment maintenance and material improvements, rent control actually improves the state of housing. Overall, they argue that the goals of rent control can be reached if they are administered in a careful and just way. The opponents, though, have both theoretical and practical experience on their side. First, rent control creates a market that is unfair for everyone. Since the rent is set at a lower than normal level, an unsatisfied demand is created. This increase in demand leads to an increase in the cost of rents in the uncontrolled sector. Thus, two types of rents are created: those that are unfairly cheap, and those that are unfairly expensive. Another problem that is created is that landlords who own rent controlled apartments are often not able to earn enough money to adequately maintain buildings. This leads to run-down, poor quality housing. In many cases, landlords lose so much money that they are not able to even pay the debt on the properties, and they abandon them. Both of these effects have been documented in New York and elsewhere, and go against the goals of rent control. Finally, rent control has the bad side effect of turning away new construction. This is because even if rent controls don't include new constructions, owners are afraid to build any new buildings if in a few years those too will be taken over by rent control. Rent control thus leads to less construction and an even greater unsatisfied demand. This, in turn, increases the rents of uncontrolled apartments even more. New constructions are also avoided because banks and insurance companies don't want to invest in areas where rent control is in effect, because they know that it is likely that landlords will not be able to Rent Control: Pros And Cons :: Rent Control New York Argumentative Essays Rent Control: Pros and Cons Rent control is the government imposition of price ceilings on rent for apartments in certain areas of a city. The goal is usually to protect the rights of the poor. Thus, in a rent controlled or rent stabilized building, the amount of rent will not increase as quickly as inflation. While the moral side of rent control may have some appeal, in the long run the disadvantages far outweigh the advantages. Those who argue in favor of rent control say that it is the only way to protect lower-income tenants from landlords who overprice, and from being forced to move out of a neighborhood because they cannot afford the rent. Limiting the price that a landlord can demand helps maintain a city's ethnic diversity and prevents the creation of slums on the outskirts of the main city. Another thing that proponents say is that by linking rent prices to apartment maintenance and material improvements, rent control actually improves the state of housing. Overall, they argue that the goals of rent control can be reached if they are administered in a careful and just way. The opponents, though, have both theoretical and practical experience on their side. First, rent control creates a market that is unfair for everyone. Since the rent is set at a lower than normal level, an unsatisfied demand is created. This increase in demand leads to an increase in the cost of rents in the uncontrolled sector. Thus, two types of rents are created: those that are unfairly cheap, and those that are unfairly expensive. Another problem that is created is that landlords who own rent controlled apartments are often not able to earn enough money to adequately maintain buildings. This leads to run-down, poor quality housing. In many cases, landlords lose so much money that they are not able to even pay the debt on the properties, and they abandon them. Both of these effects have been documented in New York and elsewhere, and go against the goals of rent control. Finally, rent control has the bad side effect of turning away new construction. This is because even if rent controls don't include new constructions, owners are afraid to build any new buildings if in a few years those too will be taken over by rent control. Rent control thus leads to less construction and an even greater unsatisfied demand. This, in turn, increases the rents of uncontrolled apartments even more. New constructions are also avoided because banks and insurance companies don't want to invest in areas where rent control is in effect, because they know that it is likely that landlords will not be able to

Cases of Indian Contract Act 1872 Essay

The Carbolic Smoke Ball Company made a product called the â€Å"smoke ball†. It claimed to be a cure for influenza and a number of other diseases, in the context of the1889-1890 flu pandemic (estimated to have killed 1 million people). The smoke ball was a rubber ball with a tube attached. It was filled with carbolic acid (or phenol). The tube would be inserted into a user’s nose and squeezed at the bottom to release the vapours. The nose would run, ostensibly flushing out viral infections. The Company published advertisements in the Pall Mall Gazette and other newspapers on November 13, 1891, claiming that it would pay  £100 to anyone who got sick with influenza after using its product according to the instructions provided with it. â€Å"|  £100[1] reward will be paid by the Carbolic Smoke Ball Company to any person who contracts the increasing epidemic influenza colds, or any disease caused by taking cold, after having used the ball three times daily for two wee ks, according to the printed directions supplied with each ball. £1000 is deposited with the Alliance Bank, Regent Street, showing our sincerity in the matter.During the last epidemic of influenza many thousand carbolic smoke balls were sold as preventives against this disease, and in no ascertained case was the disease contracted by those using the carbolic smoke ball.One carbolic smoke ball will last a family several months, making it the cheapest remedy in the world at the price, 10s. post free. The ball can be refilled at a cost of 5s. Address: â€Å"Carbolic Smoke Ball Company, â€Å"27, Princes Street, Hanover Square, London.†| †| Mrs Louisa Elizabeth Carlill saw the advertisement, bought one of the balls and used it three times daily for nearly two months until she contracted the flu on 17 January 1892. She claimed  £100 from the Carbolic Smoke Ball Company. They ignored two letters from her husband, a solicitor. On a third request for her reward, they replied with an anonymous letter that if it is used properly the company had complete confidence in the smoke ball’s efficacy, but â€Å"to protect themselves against all fraudulent claims† they would need her to come to their office to use the ball each day and be checked by the secretary. Mrs Carlill brought a claim to court. The barristers representing her argued that the advertisement and her reliance on it was a contract between her and the company, and so they ought to pay. The company argued it was not a serious contract. Consideration 1.Abdul Aziz vs. Masum Ali, (1914). The secretary of a Mosque Committee filed a suit to enforce a promise which the promisor had made to subscribe Rs. 500 to the re-building of a mosque. Held: â€Å"the promise was not enforceable because there was no consideration in the sense of benefit†, as â€Å"the person who made the promise gained nothing in return for the promise made†, and the secretary of the Committee to whom the promise was made, suffered no detriment as nothing had been done to carry out the repairs. Hence the suit was dismissed. 2.Kedar Nath vs. Gauri Mohamed, (1886) The facts of this case were almost similar to those of the above case, but the secretary in this case incurred a liability on the strength of the promise. Held: The amount could be recovered, as the promise resulted in a sufficient detriment to the secretary. The promise could, however, be enforced only to the extent of the liability (detriment) incurred by the secretary. In this case, the promise, even though it was gratuitous, became enforceable because on the faith of the promise secretary had incurred a detriment. 3.Durga Prasad vs. Baldeo, (1880) B spent some money on the improvement of a market at the desire of the Collector of the district. In consideration of this D who was using the market promised to pay some money to B. Held: The agreement was void being without consideration as it had not moved at the desire of D. 4.Chinnaya vs. Ramayya, (1882) An old lady, by a deed of gift, made over certain property to her daughter D, under the direction that she should pay her aunt, P (sister of the old lady), a certain sum of money annually. The same day D entered into an agreement with P to pay her the agreed amount. Later, D refused to pay the amount on the plea that no consideration had moved from P to D. Held: P was entitled to maintain suit as consideration had moved from the old lady, sister of P, to the daughter, D. 5. Debi Radha Rani vs. Ram Dass, (1941) D is ready to sue her husband for maintenance allowance. On husband’s agreeing to pay her a monthly allowance by way of maintenance, she forbears to sue. Held: The wife’s forbearance to sue amount to consideration for the husband’s agreement for payment of maintenance allowance. 6. Ramchandra Chintaman vs. Kalu Raju, (1877) There was a promise to pay to the Vakil an additional sum if the suit was successful. Held: The promise was void for want of consideration. The Vakil was under a pre-existing contractual obligation to render the best of his services under the original contract. 7. Dunlop Pneumatic Tyres Co. Ltd. Vs. Selfridge & Co. Ltd., (1915) S bought tyres from the Dunlop Rubber Co. & sold them to D, a sub-dealer, who agreed with S not to sell these tyres below Dunlop’s list price and to pay the Dunlop Co.  £5 as damages on every tyre D undersold, D sold two tyres at less than the list price and thereupon the Dunlop Co. Sued him for the breach. Held: The Dunlop Co. Could not maintain the suit as it was stranger to the contract. Capacity to Contract Mohiri Bibi vs. Dharmodas Ghose, (1903) In this case, a minor mortgaged his house in favour of a money-lender to secure a loan of Rs. 20,000 out of which the mortgagee (the money-lender) paid the minor a sum of Rs. 8,000. Subsequently the minor sued for setting aside the mortgage, stating that he was underage when he executed the mortgage. Held: The mortgage was void and, therefore, it was cancelled. Further the money-lender’s request for the repayment of the amount advanced to the minor as part of the consideration for the mortgage was also not accepted. Mistake of Law Solle vs. Butcher, (1950) Ignorantia juris non excusat, i.e., ignorance of law is no excuse, is a well settled rule of law. A party cannot be allowed to get any relief on the ground that it had done a particular act in ignorance of law. A mistake of law is, therefore, no excuse, and the contract cannot be avoided. Mistake as to the Subject-Matter Couturier vs. Hastie, (1856) A agreed to sell a cargo of corn supposed at the time of contract to be in transit from Salonica to the United Kingdom. Unknown to the parties, the corn had become fermented and had already been sold by the master of the ship at Tunis. Held: The agreement was void and the buyer was not liable for the price. Mistake as to the Identity of the Subject-Matter Raffles vs. Wichelhaus, (1864) W agreed to buy from R a cargo of cotton â€Å"to arrive ex-peerless from Bombay†. There were two ships of that name sailing from Bombay, one sailing in October and the other in December. W meant the former ship but R meant the latter contract. Remedies for Breach of Contract Hadley vs. Baxendale X’s mill was stopped by the breakdown of a shaft. He delivered the shaft to Y, a common carrier, to be taken to a manufacturer to copy it make a new one. X did not make known to Y that delay would result in loss of profits. By some neglect on the part of Y the delivery of the shaft was delayed in transit beyond a reasonable time (so that the mill was idle for a longer period than otherwise would have been the case had there been no breach of the contract of carriage). Held: Y was not liable for loss of profits during the period of delay as the circumstances communicated to Y did not show that a delay in the delivery of the shaft would entail loss of profits to the mill. Alderson, B observed in this case as follows: â€Å"Where two parties have made a contract which one of them has broken, the damages which the other party ought to receive in respect of breach of contract should be such as may fairly and reasonably be considered either arising naturally, i.e., according to the usual course of things, from such breach of contract itself, or such as may reasonably be supposed to have been in the contemplation of both the parties at the time they made the contract, as the probable result of the breach of it.† Quasi Contracts Damodar Mudaliar vs. Secretary of State for India, (1894) A village was irrigated by a tank. The Government effected certain repairs to the tank for its preservation and had no intention to do so gratuitously for the zamindars. The zamindars enjoyed the benefit thereof. Held: They were liable to contribute. A husband promised to pay his wife a house hold allowance of  £ 30 every month. Later the parties separated and the husband failed to pay the promised amount. The wife sued for the promised allowance Held: The wife will not succeed as agreements such as this did not create any legal obligations vis a vis legal relations. Rose & Frank Co. VS Crompton Bros. Ltd. – Intention to Create Legal Relationship Facts: There was an agreement between these two companies by means of which rose and frank co. was appointed as the agent of Crompton Bros. Ltd. One clause in the agreement stated that the agreement is not entered into as legal and formal and shall not be subject to legal jurisdiction in the law courts. Held: There was no binding and legally enforceable contract between the 2 companies as there was no intention to create legal relationship. Upton Rural District Council VS Powell – Implied Contract Facts: A fire broke out in Powell’s farm. He called upon the fire brigade to put out the fire which the latter did. Now Powell’s farm did not come under fire service zone although he believed it to be so. Held: He was liable to pay for the service rendered as the services were rendered by Upton Fire Brigade on an implied promise to pay. Willkie vs. London passenger transport board – Implied Agreement When a transport company runs a bus there is an implied offer by the transport company to carry passengers for certain fare. The acceptance of the offer is complete as soon as a passenger boards a bus – that is, implied acceptance. Boulton Vs Jones (1857) – Offer made to a particular person Facts : Jones used to have business dealings with Brockle Hurst. He sent an order (offer) to Brockle Hurst for the purchase of certain goods. By the time the order reached Brockle Hurst, he had sold his business to Boulton. Boulton receiving the order sent all the goods to Jones as per the order without informing Jones of the changing of the hands of the business. When Jones learnt that the goods were not supplied by Brockle Hurst, he refused to pay for the goods. His contention was that he had never placed an order to Boulton, the offer being made to Brockle Hurst, and therefore had no intention to make a contract with Boulton. Held: Jones was not liable to pay ( – Section 64 will also apply ) Carlill VS Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. (1893) – General offer Facts: The defendant company advertised in several newspapers that a reward of  £ 100 would be paid to any person who contracted influenza, cold, or any other disease associated with cold even after using the smoke balls of the company – a preventive remedy, 3 times a day, for 2 weeks in accordance with the printed directions. They also announced that a sum of  £ 1000 had been deposited with the Alliance Bank as a proof of their sincerity. The plaintiff, Mrs. Carlill had seen the advertisement, used the smoke balls according to the printed directions and for a period as specified, but still contracted influenza. She sued the defending company to claim the reward of  £ 100 as advertised by the company. The defendants argued inter alia that it was impossible to contract with the whole world and that she should have notified / communicated to them of her acceptance of the offer. Held: Rejecting the argument the Court held that the advertisement constituted the offer to the whole world at large ( – general offer) which was accepted by the plaintiff by conduct. ( – by using smoke balls) . Therefore she was justified to the reward of  £ 100. The Court observed that by performing the required act and complying with the necessary conditions attached to the offer of this kind ( – general offer) — the offeree has sufficiently accepted the offer and there is no need for any formal notification / communication of her acceptance to the offer. Note – This is the principle of English Law of contract and endorsed by Section 8 of ICA. The effect of the decision in Carlill’s case is that performance of stipulated condition of the proposal is not only acceptance of the proposal but it is also sufficient communication of the acceptance. Lalman Shukla vs. Gauri Dutt (1913) Facts : In this case, G (defendant) sent his servant l (plaintiff) in search of his missing nephew. G afterwards announced a reward for information concerning the missing boy. It traced the boy in ignorance of any such announcement. subsequently when he came to know of this reward, he claimed it. Held : It was held that since the plaintiff was ignorant of the offer of reward, his Act of bringing the lost boy didn’t amount to the acceptance of offer and therefore he was not entitled to claim the reward. Fitch vs. Smedabar Held : In this case the American Court has held that a reward cannot be claimed by one who didn’t know that it had been offered. Harbhajan Lal vs. Harcharan Lal Facts : In this case a young boy had run away from his father’s house. The father had offered a reward of Rs. 55 to anyone who finds the boy and brings him home. The plaintiff who was aware of the offer of reward found the boy on a railway station and informed the father. The plaintiff claimed the reward. the father contended that since the plaintiff had not brought the boy; he is not entitled to the reward. British judge means the( C.J of the privy council ) held that although there is no strict compliance of the condition of the reward, the plaintiff was however aware of the reward, the plaintiff was however aware of the reward an there is substantial performance. The plaintiff was held entitled to succeed. {information was very much trust worthy based on which father.} Harvy vs. Facey Facts : The defendants were the owners of the plot of land named † Bumper Hall Pen â€Å". The plaintiff being interested in purchasing the same sent a telegram to the defendants â€Å"will you sell us Bumper Hall Pen ? Telegraph lowest cash price â€Å".(1st telegram) The defendants replied also by a telegram † lowest price for BHP,  £ 900 asked by you†. (2nd telegram) The plaintiff immediately sent another telegram to defendants – â€Å"we agree to buy BHP for  £ 900 as asked by you†. (3rd telegram) The defendants subsequently refused to sell the plot of land at that price. The plaintiffs contained that the telegram from the defendants quoting lowest price was an offer and the same has been accepted by the plaintiff and thus, the contract is complete. The defendants contended that quoting the price was not an offer which could be accepted. Held: The Judicial Committee of Privy Council held that the exchange of the above telegrams have not resulted into a contract. It was observed that the 1st telegram had asked two questions regarding willingness to sell and the other regarding the lowest price. In reply only the lowest price was quoted and this was not an offer but a mere supply of information as desired by the other party. The third telegram from the plaintiffs saying † he agrees to buy† was only an offer and not the acceptance of an offer. Since this offer of the plaintiff had not been accepted, there was no binding contract between the parties. Fischer vs. Bell (1961) – Display of goods Facts: The defendant – Bell, exhibited in a show window in his shop, a knife with a marked price. The question arose whether the exhibition of that knife in the show window executed an offer for sale. Held: Lord Parker, the chief justice, stated that the display of an article in a shop window is merely an invitation to treat. It is in sense an offer for sale, the acceptance of which constitutes a contract. It is quite impossible to say that an exhibition of goods in a shop window in itself an offer for sale. Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain vs. Boots Cast Chemist Ltd. (1952) – Display of Goods Held : The display of articles on shelves in a self-service shop / store merely amounts to invitation to treat. Ramsgate Victoria Hotel Company vs. Montefeire (1866) – if time not stipulated Facts : On 8th June, M offered to take shares in R company. He received a letter of allotment on 23rd November. M refused to take the shares. Held: M was entitled to refuse as the offer had lost by the delay of acceptance since the period of 5 months was not a reasonable one. Hyde vs. Wrench (1840) – Counter offer Facts : W, the defendant, had offered to sell his farm to H, the plaintiff, for  £ 1000. upon the defendant’s refusal to sell the farm, the plaintiff brought an action for specific performance. Held: The Court held that an offer to buy for  £ 950 was not an acceptance of the offer to buy because the offer to sale was for  £ 1000. it was a counter offer and a counter offer to a proposal amounts to its rejection. As such no contract had come into existence between the parties. Neale vs. Merret – Counter offer Note – this case law also highlights that the offeree must not deviate from the terms and conditions of the original offer as laid down by the offerer. Facts : M, the defendant offered to sell land to N the plaintiff at  £ 280. N accepted and enclosed #80 with a promise to pay the balance by monthly installments of  £ 50 each. Held: There was no contract between M and N as the acceptance was not qualified ( unconditional). Thus, an offer once rejected is dead and cannot be revived by its subsequent acceptance. Brogden vs. Metropolitan Railway Co. (1877) – Acceptance communication necessary Facts : A draft agreement relating to supply of coal was sent to the manager of a railway company viz. Metropolitan Railway company. For his acceptance the manager wrote the words, approved and put the draft in his drawer of his table intending to sent it to the companies solicitors for a formal contract to be drawn up. Through oversight the contract remained in the drawer. Held: There was no contract because there was no communication of acceptance. Felthouse vs. Bindley (1862) – Acceptance communication necessary Facts : F (uncle) offered to buy his nephew’s horse for  £ 30 saying â€Å"if I hear no more about it I shall consider the horse mine at  £ 30.† (offer must not thrust the burden of acceptance.) the nephew did not write / reply to F at all. He told his auctioneer, B to keep the particular horse out of sale of his farm stock as he intended to reserve it for his uncle, F. B the auctioneer, inadvertently, sold the horse. F sued him, B, for conversion of his property. Held: F has no right of action against the auctioneer since the horse was not sold to him. This offer of  £ 30 having not been properly accepted, since the nephew had not properly communicated the acceptance to F. The Court observed that it was clear that the nephew had in his mind the intention to sell his horse to his uncle. But an unconditional assent to accept unaccompanied by any external inclination will not suffice. Normally the person to whom the proposal is sent need not reply and the general rule – acceptance of offer – will not be implied, intended from the mere silence on the part of the offeree. Adams vs. Mindsell (1818) – Acceptance by non-instantaneous methods Note – this was the first case in which the rule of acceptance by non – instantaneous methods was propagated. Household Fire & Carriage Accident Insurance Co. Ltd vs. Grant Note – one of the more obvious consequence of the postal acceptance rule is that the offerer must bear the price of the letter of acceptance being delayed or lost. This based on the fact that posting the acceptance makes it invariably out of the offeree’s control. Held: In household fire case, the Court of appeal held that the defendant, Grant, was the offerer who had applied for shares in the company and to whom a letter of allotment ( acceptance letter, hence the company is the acceptor) had been posted but which had not reached him was nevertheless, liable as a share holder. The legal defects of the Court’s decision is that acceptance is complete as against the offerer, that is, the offerer will be bound as soon as the letter is posted. A binding contract takes place between the parties even if the letter of acceptance is delayed due to postal strike or loss in transit. Where however, the delay or loss is due to the fault of the acceptor, as in the case of an acceptance, which is incorrectly addressed, or insufficiently stamped. The rule is that it will take effect of and when it is received by the offerer, provided the offer is still enforced by them or is received within a reasonable time. Durga Prasad vs Baldeo (1880) – Consideration must be given at the desire of the promisor. Facts : The plaintiff, baldeo, at the desire and requset of the elecotr of the town expanded money in the construcvtion of a marjet in the town. Subsequently the defendants, Durga Prasad & Ors. Occupied the shops in the market. Since the plaintff had spent money for the constructoin of the market, the defendants in consideratoin thereof, promised to pay to plaintiff, a commission on the articles ssold throuhg their (defendants) shops in that market. Defendants however, failed to pay the promised commission, the plaintiff brought an action to recover the promised commission. Held: The plaintiff will not succeed since the agreement was void for the want of consideration. It was observed in this case that the consideration of the promisre to pay the commission was the construction of market by the plaintiff. But the expenses incuurred by the plaintiff in construction of the market was not there in the desire of the defendants (promisors) but at the instance/ request of the 3rd party ie, contractor of the town. It was therefore, held that since the consideraion for the construction of markeet did not move at the desire of the defendants., that is, the promisor ( D & Ors.). It did not constitute a valid / good consideration. Hence the defendants were not liable in respect of the promise made by them, following the first legal rule. Kedarnath Bhaattacharya vs Gauri Mohammed. (1887, Cal HC ) Facts : The town planners of howrah,thought advisable to erect a townhall at howrah,provided sufficeient subscription were collected.with the object in view the commisioner of howrah municipality started to raise necessary fund by public subscription.the defendants one of the subscribor’s of this fund for Rs 100 signed his name in the subscription book at that amount. On the faith of the promised subscription the plaintiff (commisioner of the howrah municpality) entered into a contract with a contractor for the purpose of the building the town hall. Later the defendant subscriber referred to pay the amount upon the promise to pay / subscribe. In other words ,he contended that there would be no personal benefit / significance by the construction of the hall. Held : He was held liable. It was observed that in he case person were asked to knowingly subscribe the purpose to which the money was to be applied / use. They also knew, that on the faith of their subscription and an obligation was to be incurred to pay the contactor for the work. The Act of plaintiff is entering into contract with the contractor was done at the desire of the prommisor so as to constitute a good consideration within the meaning of the section 2(d) of ICA. Chinnaya vs ramayya (1882 Madr HC) Facts : A, an old lady, granted / gfted an estate to her daughter the defendant, with the direction / condition that the daughter should pay an annuity ( annual payment ) of Rs 653 to A’s brother, the plaintiff. On the same day the defendant, daughter (promisor) , made a promise vis a vis an agreement with her uncle that sshe would pay the annuity as directed by her mother, the old lady. Later the defendant refused to pay on the ground that her uncle (promisee, plaintiff) has not given any consideration. She contended that her uncle was stranger to this consideration and hence he cannot claim the money as a matter of right. Held: The Madras HC held that in this agreement between the defendant and plaintiff the consideration has been furnished on behalf of the plaintiff (uncle ) by his own sister (defendant’s mother). Although the plaintiff was stranger to the consideration but since he was a party to the contract he could enforce the promise of the promisor, since under Indian law, consideration may be given by the promisee or anyone on his behalf – vide Section 2 (d) of ICA. Thus, consideration furnished by the old lady constitutes sufficient consideration for the plaintiff to sue the defendant on her promise. Held, the brother / uncle was entitled to a decree for payment of the annual sum of money. Thomas vs Thomas (1842) Tweddle vs Atkinson (1861) {See Bottom } Held: It was held in these cases that the under the English law, that if the consideration is furnished by any person other than the promisee himself, then the promisee is relegated to the position and status of a stranger to the consideration and therefore, he cannot sue for promise. Harvey vs Gibbons : Facts : In this case a servant was promised  £ 50 in consideration of promise that he would release a debt to his master. Held: This is legally impossible. Collins vs Godefroy (1831) – Facts : The promisee, plaintiff, received subpoena (summon from the Court) to appear at a trial as a witness on behalf of the defendant (promisor). The defendant promised him a sum of money for the troubles which was to be taken by him in appearing that case. A person who receives a subpoena is bound to attend and give evidence before the Court. Later the defendant refused to pay the promised amount. The plaintiff sued him to recover the promised amount. Held It was held that there was no consideration for promise. The plaintiff being already a legal duty to attend. But where the undertaking is to do something more than what the promisee is legally bound. This may constitute a good consideration for the promise of the promisor. Glasbrook Bros. Ltd. Vs Glamerglan County Council (1925) Facts : Glamerglan County Council, a police authority, sued for a summ of  £ 2200 promised to it by Glasbrook Brothers Ltd. a colliery company. The police authority had provided a stronger guard during a strike, as required by the company than was in its opinion, necessary. Held : It was held that providing stronger guard then what was actually necessary was a good consideration and the defendants were liable to pay for the same. Tweddle Vs Atkinson Note – The rule that only parties to the contract can sue each other was recognised for the first time in 1861 in this case. Facts: In this case, the plaintiff, A , married a girl B. After this marriage a contract in writing was made between the fathers of the married couple that each should make a payment of a certain sum to A who should have the power to sue the executors of her father in law’s estate for the promised money by the father in law. Held: It was held that the husband could not sue her since 1. He was not a party to the contract (stranger to a contract), as also 2. No consideration has moved from him to his father in law (stranger to the consideration) Guarantee – Bailment GUARANTEE Madho Shah vs Sita Ram Note – The liability of the surety is said to be † vicarious † with that of the Principal Debtor. Vicarious liability means that the liability between two parties is joined and several. The Principle of Vicarious Liability involved in a contract of guarantee was recognised for the first time in this case. R . Lilavati vs Bank of Baroda The loss of securities by the creditor results in the discharge of the surety – vide Section 141. If however the pledged securities are lost without any fault of the   Reed vs Dean Facts : ‘A’ hired a motor from B for a holiday on river Thames. The motor caught fire and A was unable to extinguish it as the fire fighting equipment was out of order. As such he was injured and suffered loss. Held : B was liable as it was a case of non gratuitous bailment. Misa vs Currie Facts : A customer had two separate accounts with a bank and he owes to the bank on of the accounts. The bank can liquidate / realize the debt due to it by transferring money there from. The same provision is equally applicable to India. UPTON-ON-SEVERN RURAL DISTRICT v. POWELL (1942); briefed 9/10/94, pg. 171. Prepared by Roger Martin (http://people.qualcomm.com/rmartin/) Facts: ∆’s barn was on fire and he called the local Upton police chief and asked him to send â€Å"the fire brigade†. The Upton fire brigade showed up and began to put out the fire. While the fire was still burning, a neighboring fire chief came by and informed all that the farm was really in his district, and so the Upton fire brigade was not under obligation to put it out for free. When the ∆ refused to pay for the service, they sued. Nature of the Risk: You may contract by implied promise when you ask for assistance in protecting your property. Issue: Was there a contract between the fire brigade and the farmer by implied promise of the farmer to pay if payment was required? Holding: Yes. Parties create a contract by implied promise when one renders service that requires payment, even though the other may not be aware that the service requires payment. Reasoning: The court reasoned that the fact that neither intended to enter into a contract was irrelevant. The contract was created because the service was performed and therefore there was an implied promise to pay. Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd [1953] EWCA Civ 6 is a famous English contract law decision on the nature of anoffer. The Court held that the display of a product in a store with a price attached is not sufficient to be considered an offer, but rather is an invitation to treat.