Friday, September 6, 2019
The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T. S. Eliot Essay Example for Free
The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T. S. Eliot Essay The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (or simply Prufrock) is T. S. Eliot’s most popular poem and it is the one responsible for the launch of his career as one of the 20th century’ leading and influential poet. The poem takes the form of a dramatic monologue and it is considered as one of the most anthologized poem in the 20th century.            Prufrock is a poem which made use of lots of literary devices such as similes, personifications, repetitions, allusions, imageries and the like, all of which contributed a great deal to the tone of the poem which is miserable and unhappy, it also helped contribute to the theme of indecision (which led to lots of missed opportunities), sexuality, and paralysis. For one the use of simile is clear in the following line, â€Å"when the evening is spread out against the sky like a patient etherized upon a table†(Eliot, 1917) and it skillfully illustrates the solemn outdoor setting in contrast to the party setting which would later on take place in the poem.            Repetition is one of the most essential tools used by Eliot in the poem. For one, in the following stanza â€Å"In the room women come and go talking of Michaelangelo†(Eliot, 1917), Eliot brings the audience to the place Prufrock himself finds himself tied into, and this particular repetition contributed a lot in setting the tone of the poem as it shows the readers how Prufrock muses on how he wants to tell a woman how he truly feels and yet for some melancholic reason, he cannot.            Upon reading the poem one could envision that Prufrock is not really that old, he is probably a middle-aged man who is trying to examine what went wrong with his life, or trying to look back to the choices he made at the course of his life. Among the things he constantly look upon is the things he did not do, his regrets for acting the way he did, for his indecisions, and most of all he is looking back on his failure with regards to women thus one could then on say that one of the primary tones of the poem is that of a tired, ironic self-criticism. The character of Prufrock made many references on his going bald, most notably was a scene with a reaper who is holding his coat for him so that he could then on leave this material world. Prufrock tried to make himself feel what it is like to be young again one notable example was when he tried to dress and fashion his hair the way young men does. However, in spite of this particular endeavor he knows deep inside that it is no use since he would no longer be young again and this particular fear of approaching old age contributed a great deal to his paralysis which is the primary theme of this poem.            From the title of the poem alone one could have an idea that Prufrock is no ordinary or traditional love poem. Prufrock then is a ludicrous name and the author wants the subconscious implication of a prude in a frock. The original title of the poem is actually Prufrock Among Women and this particular emasculation added a certain depth to the themes the author would delve into which rotates around the notion of paralysis and heroism. As was mentioned earlier this poem takes the form of a dramatic monologue in which the speaker unconsciously reveals a part of himself to the silent readers. The poem shows a great deal of Prufrock’s inability to commit and express himself to women or to love, or to other individuals for that matter.            The 2st stanza of the poem hints that Profruck and a companion are out for an evening walk. Most of the themes and tone of Profruck illustrates profound melancholy and lack of communication or inability to express himself. The city discussed in the poem appears gloomy, it seems to portray the city in a half dead, desolate, and lonely feel. The streets seems to curve to a particular conclusion or question and it seems to ask if the protagonist should dare to assert himself or to reach out and try to communicate with other people.            The fourth stanza of the poem implies to life’s triviality as could be seen on the following line â€Å"hundred indecisions†¦before the taking of toast and tea†. The readers could then envision Prufrock worrying himself over life’s trivialities such as what tie to wear at the party and what words he should use to strike up a conversation (presumably with a woman) at the party. The women the protagonist is about to meet at the party are belittled in that their primary use is to serve as some kind of a decoration and keep shallow conversation going all throughout the party as could be seen on the following line â€Å"that lift and drop a question on your plate†(Eliot, 1917).            In the sixth stanza of the poem one could envision the protagonist hesitating on whether he should continue to climb the stairs which would take him to the place where the party is being held, he keep on worrying on whether he should â€Å"dare†communicate or try to reach out to these people. In the seventh stanza the protagonist was pondering about the things he did or the trivialities he did in his life and it also shows that he knows what kinds of people would be present at the party. He knows that those people are full of life’s superficiality. These particular people were further singled out in the 9th stanza as women of women on which the protagonist seems to posit an attitude synonymous to sour-graping.  Upon close observation the readers would then on see that these elegant women have hairy arms, however, in spite of that these women still have some kind of an effect to the protagonist of the poem as could be seen when he was not able to organize his thoughts which is being diverted by the smell of the perfume of these women. It is important in this line to notice that Prufrock does not treat these women as a whole people but rather merely as part of their physicalities which attracts and mislead other people as could be seen on the following lines, â€Å"eyes that fix you in a formulated phrase†, â€Å"faces that you meet†, voices dying with a dying fall†(Eliot, 1917) and the like.            On stanzas 79-80 the protagonist was once again pondering on whether given lots of empty times should he try to assert his personality and try to reach out to other individuals. Mainly because the protagonist talked a great deal about women on his earlier stanzas one could then assume that the line â€Å"force the moment to its crisis†(Eliot, 1917) have an innuendo of sexuality because whereas the inability to communicate himself appears to be the primary theme of the poem, the protagonist incapacity to have sexual relationship is taken care of in a more specific manner. If someone is incapable of having sexual relationship with another individual, he is cut off from the some things considered worth while in life and the protagonist is portrayed as someone who is incapable of making a move on a woman (he could not even reach out to converse to any people, much less a woman) because of his fear to look ludicrous in front of them.            The protagonist inability to make use of the time or opportunities given him is signified by the past tense found in the twelfth stanza. In this stanza the readers would be able to see that if the protagonist indeed tries to reach out to people particularly to the woman he likes he would only appear preposterous and these people would not even be able to understand him. In stanzas 95-97 the protagonist made an implication that he ever approach or make any kind of insinuation to a woman â€Å"roll†¦strength and all..sweetness up into one ball, and tearing†¦pleasures with rough strife †(Eliot, 1917) there is a huge chance that he would be misunderstood and worst they would be disgusted with him and put him off. All of these reasons among many others seem to answer the earlier question on whether he should dare to assert himself. The protagonist states â€Å"No!†because he sees himself as insignificant, he is so full of self-consciousness and because of that he is unworthy of â€Å"disturb(ing) the universe†(Eliot, 1917).            Now that the fundamental question of him asserting himself has finally been answered the protagonist is once again seen to be looking at what his life would be like (he would grow old and bald) and he would also wonder if he has the guts to eat a peach â€Å"do I dare to eat a peach†(Eliot, 1917). This particular line could be viewed in different manners one of which is that fresh fruit because of digestive problems however, the peach could also be seen to have an underlying sexual connotation. Fruits in general have a sexual connotation as the ripened ovary of a plant and peach in particular holds more sexual connotation because of its flesh like color, its soft texture and its downiness. The peach’s shape and texture symbolizes the female genitalia thus one could see in the line mentioned above that the protagonist is wondering that if he is unable to sexually assert himself to a woman while he was still in the prime of his life, how else would he be able to sexually assert himself when he becomes an old man. Peach also have other meanings. Peach is the Chinese symbol for marriage and immortality, both of which the protagonist so want to have in his life. As could be seen then, the protagonist pondering on whether he would dare eat a peach has got something to do with his sexual ineptness. As the poem ends, the protagonist was imagining mermaids, oe men’s ideal dream of women sitting on the beach, however, in spite of the fact that it only happened on his imagination, the mermaids still did not sing for him. When the protagonist was awakened from his dream by a human voice one could then conclude that even in dreams, the protagonist is still paralyzed and non-active. This particular paralysis, the protagonist’s inability to act and to grab at the opportunities given to him by life is the primary theme ever present in The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. Works Cited Dempsey, Jough. â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T. S. Eliot.†(1997).            February 28, 2008 http://articles.poetryx.com/7/. Eliot, T. S. â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock†(1917). February 27, 2008            http://www.bartleby.com/198/1.html. Moody, David. The Cambridge Companion to T. S. Eliot. Cambridge UP, 1994. Scofield, Martin. T. S. Eliot: The Poems. Cambridge UP, 1988. Uncgrad. â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock.†(2007). February 28, 2008            http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/113548/the_love_song_of_j_alfred_ prufrock.html.
Thursday, September 5, 2019
A Free Body Diagram Mechanics Essay
A Free Body Diagram Mechanics Essay A free body diagram consists primarily of a sketch of the body in question and arrows representing the forces applied to it. The selection of the body to sketch may be the first important decision in the problem solving process. For example, to find the forces on the pivot joint of a simple pair of pliers, it is helpful to draw a free body diagram of just one of the two pieces, not the entire system, replacing the second half with the forces it would apply to the first half. What is included The sketch of the free body need include only as much detail as necessary. Often a simple outline is sufficient. Depending on the analysis to be performed and the model being employed, just a single point may be the most appropriate. All external contacts, constraints, and body forces are indicated by vector arrows labeled with appropriate descriptions. The arrows show the direction and magnitude of the various forces. To the extent possible or practical, the arrows should indicate the point of application of the force they represent. Only the forces acting on the object are included. These may include forces such as friction, gravity, normal force, drag, or simply contact force due to pushing. When in a non-inertial reference frame, fictitious forces, such as centrifugal force may be appropriate. A coordinate system is usually included, according to convenience. This may make defining the vectors simpler when writing the equations of motion. The x direction might be chosen to point down the ramp in an inclined plane problem, for example. In that case the friction force only has an x component, and the normal force only has a y component. The force of gravity will still have components in both the x and y direction: mgsin(ÃŽÂ ¸) in the x and mgcos(ÃŽÂ ¸) in the y, where ÃŽÂ ¸ is the angle between the ramp and the horizontal. What is excluded All external contacts and constraints are left out and replaced with force arrows as described above. Forces which the free body applies to other objects are not included. For example, if a ball rests on a table, the ball applies a force to the table, and the table applies an equal and opposite force to the ball. The FBD of the ball only includes the force that the table causes on the ball. Internal forces, forces between various parts that make up the system that is being treated as a single body, are omitted. For example, if an entire truss is being analyzed to find the reaction forces at the supports, the forces between the individual truss members are not included. Any velocity or acceleration is left out. These may be indicated instead on a companion diagram, called Kinetic diagrams, Inertial response diagrams, or the equivalent, depending on the author. Assumptions The free body diagram reflects the assumption and simplifications made in order to analyze the system. If the body in question is a satellite in orbit for example, and all that is required is to find its velocity, then a single point may be the best representation. On the other hand, the brake dive of a motorcycle cannot be found from a single point, and a sketch with finite dimensions is required. Force vectors must be carefully located and labeled to avoid assumptions that presuppose a result. For example, in the accompanying diagram of a block on a ramp, the exact location of the resulting normal force of the ramp on the block can only be found after analyzing the motion or by assuming equilibrium. Other simplifying assumptions that may be considered include two-force members and three-force members. Drawing Free-Body Diagrams Free-body diagrams are diagrams used to show the relative magnitude and direction of all forces acting upon an object in a given situation. A free-body diagram is a special example of the vector diagrams which were discussed in an earlier unit. These diagrams will be used throughout our study of physics. The size of the arrow in a free-body diagram is reflects the magnitude of the force. The direction of the arrow shows the direction which the force is acting. Each force arrow in the diagram is labeled to indicate the exact type of force. It is generally customary in a free-body diagram to represent the object by a box and to draw the force arrow from the center of the box outward in the direction which the force is acting. An example of a free-body diagram is shown at the right. The free-body diagram above depicts four forces acting upon the object. Objects do not necessarily always have four forces acting upon them. There will be cases in which the number of forces depicted by a free-body diagram will be one, two, or three. There is no hard and fast rule about the number of forces which must be drawn in a free-body diagram. The only rule for drawing free-body diagrams is to depict all the forces which exist for that object in the given situation. Thus, to construct free-body diagrams, it is extremely important to know the various types of forces. If given a description of a physical situation, begin by using your understanding of the force types to identify which forces are present. Then determine the direction in which each force is acting. Finally, draw a box and add arrows for each existing force in the appropriate direction; label each force arrow according to its type. If necessary, refer to the list of forces and their description in order to understa nd the various force types and their appropriate symbols. EXAMPLES No doubt you are aware of free body diagrams (otherwise known as FBDs). These are simplified representations of an object (thebody) in a problem, and includes force vectors acting on the object. This body isfreebecause the diagram will show it without its surroundings Lets take Figure 1 to be a pictoral representation of our problem: a boat on the floor, with a rope pulling it. First we will represent the boat the body in our problem as a (really) simplified figure, a square Gravity The first force we will investigate is that due to gravity, and well call it thegravitational force. We know that the acceleration due to gravity (if on Earth) is approximatelyg= 9.8 m/s . The force, by Newtons Second Law is F= mg wheregis the acceleration due to gravity. Lets add this to our diagram . Note that the force vector, labelledFmg, points downward, as this is the direction in which the gravitation force acts. Note that this force is commonly calledweight. This weight (mg) is different from our everyday use of the word weight (which is known in physics as mass). Normal Thenormal forceone which prevents objects from falling into whatever it is they are sitting upon. It is alwaysperpendicularto the surface with which an object is in contact. For example, if there is a crate on the floor, then we say that the crate experiences a normal forcebythe floor; and because of this force, the crate does not fall into the floor. The normal force on the crate points upward, perpendicular to the floor. It is called the normal force becausenormalandperpendicularmean the same thing. The normal force is always perpendicular to the surface with which a body is in constact. For a body on a sloped surface (say a ramp), the normal force acting on that body is still perpendicular to the slope. In the case of our problem, the ship, we will pretend the ship is being pulled on a floor. (This is because on water there is the complication with another force, buoyancy. For simplicitys sake, we will ignore buoancy by putting the ship on the floor.) Lets add the normal force to our FBD (Figure ), and represent the normal force with the script N, . Friction Related to the normal force is thefrictional force. The two are related because they are both due to the surface in contact with the body. Whereas the normal force was perpendicular to the surface, the frictional force is parallel. Furthermore, friction opposes motion, and so its vector always points away from the direction of movement. Friction is divided into two categories, static and kinetic. These are represented by the script F, with a subscript s for static friction:, and a subscript k for kinetic friction,. As its name suggests,static frictionoccurs when the body is not moving (i.e. static). It is the force which makes it difficult to start something moving. On the other hand,kinetic frictionoccurs when the body is in motion. This is the force which causes objects to slow down and eventually stop. Friction is usually approximated as being proportional to the normal force. The proportionality constant is called the coefficient of (static or kinetic) friction. The constant is represented asfor static friction, andfor kinetic friction; it depends on the actual surface with which the body is in contact. To summarize, Weve added (kinetic) friction to our free body diagram, Figure . Push and Pull Another force which may act on an object could be any physical push or pull. This could be caused by a person pushing a crate on the floor, a child pulling on a wagon, or in the case of our example, the wind pushing on the ship. We will label the push force caused by the wind withFpush Tension Tension in an object results if pulling force act on its ends, such as in a rope used to pull a boulder. If no forces are acting on the rope, say, except at its ends, and the rope itself is in equilibrium, then the tension is the same throughout the rope. We will use the letterTto represent tension in a free body diagram. If we say that our ship is being pulled by a rope at its front end, then we can add this force to our FBD (Figure ). And there we have it: all the forces acting on our ship has been labelled in Figure . This is the complete FBD for our problem of a ship being pulled along a floor by a rope Steering Wheel and Pedals of a Bicycle Two examples of the turning effect of two equal and opposite forces not acting in the same straight line are the steering wheel and the pedals of a bicycle. In the figure (a) below, the left hand is pulling with force F on the steering wheel while the right hand is pushing with the same force F. The two forces make the wheel turn in an anticlockwise direction. In figure (b) shown above, one pedal is being pushed forward while the other is being pushed back. This rotates the sprocket wheel and the attached chain anticlockwise. Can you think of other everyday examples in which a turning effect or rotation takes place? Examples of Couple In our day-to-day life, we come across many objects which work on the principle of couple. Winding up the spring of a toy car, opening and closing the cap of a bottle, turning of a water tap, cork screws, door key etc. are some of the common examples of couples. A beam balance The physical balance used in the school laboratory is pivoted in the middle with equal arms. The two scale pans of equal weights are hung from the upper edge of wedge shaped supports at either end of the beam. When the beam is raised for weighing, it swings freely about the lower edge of a wedge shaped support in the center. In this position the balance is in equilibrium. Beam balance Because l1= l2and m1= m2, according to the principle of moments, m1x l1= m2x l2 Now if you place a mass of 1 kg in one pan and an unknown mass x on the other pan so that the balance is in equilibrium. then, (m1+ x) l1= (m2+ 1) l2 As m1= m2and l1= l2 x = 1 kg Let us calculate what part of the load each boy carries. To find the upward force exerted by the boy at A, we shall consider the hand of the boy at B as the pivot. Now, the clockwise moment = F1x 5 m and the anticlockwise moment due to the load 900 N = 900 x 3. If the bar is in equilibrium, then F1x 5 = 900 x 3 F1= 900 x= 540 N Hence, the force exerted by the boy = 540 N. But F1+ F2= 900 N (sum of the downward forces equal to the sum of upward forces). Therefore, F2= 900 F1 = 900 540 = 360 N The force exerted by the boy at B can also be calculated by using A as a pivot. Therefore, F2x 5 = 900 x 2 or, F1= 900 x = 360 N REFERENCE WWW.ELIS.COM WWW.ENCYCLOPEDIA.COM WWW.ANSWER.COM DIFFERENT BOOKS R.S. KHURMI G.K. LAL
Wednesday, September 4, 2019
Study of Rail Structure: Risk Analysis and Failure Mode
Study of Rail Structure: Risk Analysis and Failure Mode Study of Rail Structure: Risk Analysis and Failure Mode Avoidance In this case study, a brief overview of railway structure is discussed. Defects related to rail failure are considered essential to frame out the correct maintenance strategy. As it is closely associated with safety of passenger and cargo transportation, hence it retains high risk in terms of human lives and cost of resources. There will always be some risk associated with collisions and derailments but it can be reduced by eradication of the root causes. Exposure and amendment of rail defects are major issues for all rail companies around the world. There are challenges to the infrastructure maintenance individuals to perform effective inspection and cost effective rectification decisions. If addressed properly these can reduce potential risk of rail breaks and derailments. Risk assessment and Failure mode avoidance has become a vital constraint for the organisations to decide a cost effective and improved solution that could meet the financial constraints regarding inspection, renewal and replacement of rails and wheels. This study aims to reduce costs and risks related to rail operation by effective approaches. The issues and challenges related to rail maintenance are outlined. The maintenance strategy followed by most railway companies is also defined. Large Railways infrastructures are the prime manner of transportation in several countries. Improved and better safety measurements are continuously presented but still could not be considered as incidents proof. There will always be some risk related with derailments and other occurrences such as major disruption to services, which can furthered be minimised by detailed examination of the root causes. Some of the causes require improvement in skill and efficiency, for example human error, and some may be improved by optimization of inspection regularity. Therefore, a appropriate thorough study of the defects which develop both on the rolling stock and rail infrastructure is vital to frame out the correct maintenance approach. European Union spends around à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 2 billion every year for maintenance and repairing of broken rails (European Commission Cordis, 2017). It is understood that the consequential cost due to derailment decreases with rise in inspection, lubrication an d grinding charges. Risk in railways could be expressed in terms of cost, loss of human lives, infrastructure unavailability, traffic delay and environmental impact which may be caused due to derailment of a train carrying hazardous material. In this report, different kinds of rail defects and maintenance procedures followed are described. Different risk assessment and failure mode avoidance methods and tools have been discussed briefly in this report. Some of the issues and challenges related to rail maintenance are also addressed with an aim to reduce the total cost and risks associated with rail operations. Rails are longitudinal steel members that accommodate wheel loads and distribute these loads over the sleepers or supports, guiding the train wheels evenly and continuously. It is one of the most important components of the track structure. Usually a flat bottom rail is used in conventional railway track, which can be separated into 3 parts: rail head, rail web and rail foot. Many standards are used for rail profiles. (Kumar, 2007) Figure 1 shows the 2 common rail profiles. Figure 1: Flat bottom and Bullhead rail profiles The rails must possess sufficient stiffness so that they can act as beams and transfer the concentrated wheel loads to the spaced sleeper supports without excessive deflection between supports. (Ernest and John, 1994) Due to economic pressure, there is a world-wide trend to increase axle loads, traffic density and speed to reduce the operating cost and increase the efficiency of railways. Axle loads around the world have increased in general from 22.5 to 32.5 Tonnes in last ten years (Allen, 1999). This has led to increased rate of defect formation in rails. Some of the common defects are described in the following sections. 4.1. Shelling Shelling is a defect caused by loss of material initiated by subsurface fatigue. Shelling normally takes place at the gauge corner of high rails in curves. An elliptical shell like crack propagates in the subsurface parallel to the rail surface. When these cracks emerge on the surface, they cause the metal to come out from the crack area. It is generally eliminated by grinding. (Kumar, 2007) Figure 2: Shelling caused by Head Checks 4.2. Head Checks In the crown area, the contact stresses are generally low as it has greater profile radius in comparison to the gauge side of rail. However, high contact stresses are produced on the high rails gauge corner, which usually has curve radius from 1000 to 1500 m. Head checks are known to occur in tighter ((IHHA, 2001). If head checks are not controlled, they can cause a rail break. Grinding is the most common practice to remove head checks. Severe head checks need rail section replacement. 4.3. Squats Unlike shelling, squats appear in crown area of straight rail sections. They are surface initiated defects formed by RCF. A squat is formed by two cracks, a leading crack and a trailing crack. Both these cracks propagate in opposite direction. These defects could be prevented by grinding. (Kumar, 2007) 4.4. Spalling Spalling occurs, when the surface initiated crack development path is intersected by other similar shallow cracks on the rail head area, a shallow chip of rail material falls out. Spalling is more common in cold climates as rail stiffness increases. Figure 3: Gauge Corner Spalling in rails 4.5. Tache Ovale Tache Ovale is a subsurface defect formed around 10-15 mm below the rail head surface (see Figure 4). This is caused by hydrogen accumulation during manufacturing of rail or when poor welding is done in rails. Thermal and residual stresses also contribute to form this defect. Figure 4: Tache Ovale 4.6. Plastic Flow and Tongue Lipping Plastic flow occurs in rail head area, the depth of which may be up to 15 mm. Plastic flow occurs on the field side of the low rail due to overloading. Tongue lipping is also a form of plastic deformation, but it is initiated by surface cracks. These cracks partially separate a layer of material from the bulk of rail. (IHHA, 2001) 4.7. Bolt Hole Crack Bolt holes appear in the rail web often starting from the fastening point of fishplates. But these become weak points to resist crack initiation. These cracks have a very high potential to cause rail break and needs urgent replacement. 4.8. Longitudinal Vertical Crack This is a manufacturing defect, which usually appears in the rail web and may extend in rail head also. If this crack is intersected by some other crack, it may lead to an early rail fracture. Odds of sudden fracture due to this become predominant in cold climate. Figure 5: Longitudinal vertical crack 4.9. Transverse Crack Transverse crack is mostly developed in the cross-sectional area of defective weld joints. A welding defect may be due to variation in weld material or rail manufacturing defect. Figure 6 shows a Transverse crack develops from the centre of the rail head or the rail foot. Use of clean steel and deeper hardening of rail head may avoid its formation. (Kumar, 2007) Figure 6: Transverse crack 4.10. Buckling Lateral buckling in rails is a very common defect in which the rail bulges out on its either side due to expansion. As the temperature rises, longitudinal expansion in rail takes place. 4.11. Corrugation Corrugation is a rail flaw consisting of the wave-like wearing of the rail tread visualized as peaks and valleys, in other words, it is a periodic irregularity of the rail surface (IHHA, 2001), see Figure 7. Figure 7: Corrugation in rails Rail corrugations are the result of a damage mechanism, such as wear etc. Rail corrugations do not pose risk of immediate derailment, but they may be responsible for loosening of rail fastenings, ballast deterioration, increase in noise and vibration level leading to passenger discomfort, etc. Two main types of corrugations which generally occur in rails are: Short pitch corrugations Long pitch corrugation Tables below show the percentage and type of defect detection by different rail infrastructure companies. Railway First Second Third Fourth Rail track (1999/2000) Squats 21.7% Vertical/transverse 20.1% Horizontal/longitudinal 12.5% Bolt holes 9.6% SNCF (1999) Squats 23.4% Internal fatigue 11.5% Shells 8.4% Thermite welds 4.7% HSPC (1999) Thermite welds 31.5% Wheel burns 17.2% Horizontal split webs 13.3% Bolt holes 11.3% NS (1997) Insulated Joints 59.4% Transverse defects 18% Thermite welds 15% Fatigue Failure 5.2% DB (1996) Thermite welds 29% Sudden fracture 18% Fatigue Failure 16% Electric bonds 4.0 % Banverket (1998) Transverse fracture 55.1% Welded joint 32.7% Horizontal defect 6.1% Vertical split 2.0% HH1 (1999) Vertical split heads 34.7% Thermite welds 20.3% Detail fractures 13.1% Bolt holes 12.2% HH2 (1999) Transverse defects 23.6% Thermite welds 15.5% Wheel burns 13.2% Shells 9.6% Table 1: Causes of defective rails (Source: Kumar, 2007) Rail breaks and derailments can cost the rail players in terms of loss of revenue, property, environmental damage or even loss of life. Estimation of these costs and analysis of risks are important in deciding effective maintenance strategies. In simple terms, risk can be defined as the chance or probability of loss, damage or injury. (Reddy, 2004) 5.1. Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) FMEA is a step-by-step procedure for systematic evaluation of the severity of potential failure modes in a system. This process was originally developed in the 1960s, to analyse the safety of aircrafts, but has been since applied to several other fields, including nuclear power plants and the military. (Villemeur, 1992-A) Figure 8: Schematic representation of the FMEA. (Source: Villemeur, 1992-A). 5.2. Risk Priority Number (RPN) Risk priority number (RPN) is a methodology for analysing the risk associated with potential problems identified during (FMEA) (for details refer Reliasoft, 2005). Assigning RPN requires the analysis team to rate each potential problem per three rating scales: Severity Occurrence Detection After the ratings, have been assigned the RPN for each issue is calculated as mentioned below, RPN = Severity x Occurrence x Detection Rail maintenance issues can be broadly classified into: Inspection issues Issues related to rail wear, RCF and rail welding Rectification and replacement issues 6.1. Rail Inspection Issues The effectiveness of rail inspection depends on the efficiency and accuracy of the inspecting equipment. It also depends on the skill and experience of inspectors. Error in inspection is an important issue and its reduction is a big challenge. This mainly depends on the technological limitations of the inspection equipment and the skill level of the rail inspectors. Figure 9: Rail inspection issues (Source: Kumar, 2007) 6.2. Issues related to Rail Wear, RCF and Rail Welding Figure 11 outlines the rail maintenance issues. The following sections briefly describe some of these issues. Figure 10: Rail maintenance issues (Source: Kumar, 2007) 6.2.1. Rail Wear Issues Wear occurs due to interaction of rail and wheel. It includes mild and severe wear. Mild wear takes place slowly but severe wear is often much faster. Severe wear is predominant in curves and occurs dry conditions. Lubrication techniques are used to prevent such wears. Four commonly used techniques which are followed for rail-wheel lubrication are: Top of rail lubricators Wheel flange lubricators Wayside lubricators On board lubricators 6.2.2. Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF) Issues In the late 1990s RCF accounted for about 60% of defects found by East Japan Railways, while in France (SNCF) and UK (Railtrack) the figures were about 25% and 15%, respectively. RCF is a major future concern as business demands for higher speed; higher axle loads, higher traffic density and higher tractive forces increase (see Cannon et al, 2003). Rail grinding removes surface metal from the rail head. It is done mainly with intensions to control RCF defects and rail wear. Rail grinding became increasingly recognized for controlling RCF defects from 1980 onwards, prior to that it was mainly focused on corrugation removal. 6.2.3. Rail Welding Issues Small imperfection in welds can cause cracks to initiate. A defect free weld requires skilled workforce, better weld material along with improved welding techniques and equipment. 6.3. Other Issues affecting Rail Wear, RCF and Rail Welding Risk and cost are analysed by rail infrastructure operators in maintenance decisions. It covers rail lubrication, rail grinding and rail weld. Other important issues are: Rail material Rail traffic density and axle load Track geometry In Conclusion, first a brief overview of rail structure is discussed. Then, diverse range of rail defects and degradation processes have been studied. From the literature analyses done, it is interpreted that there is a need for better ways to monitor and predict rail defects over a period based on operational conditions and maintenance tactics. A good knowledge of risk along with an idea of the methods used for risk analysis is also required. Hence, before improvement of any model or any empirical relationship associated with risk and failure, there should first be a familiarity with risk management tools and failure mode avoidance. This study focuses on some such tools. Also, the issues and challenges related to rail maintenance are discoursed. The aim is to reduce risks related to rail operation that leads to failure mode, by effective decisions associated to rail inspection, grinding, rectifications lubrications, and rail replacements. Some of the challenges in this area include development of cost effective maintenance decisions, reliability and availability of logistics support, which include availability of capable equipment, skilled personnel and availability of rail track. 8.1. References Allen, R., (1999) Finding best practice at the wheel/rail interface, International Railway Journal, Volume 6, pp. 48-50. European Commission Cordis (2017) AutoScan Rail inspection. Available from: http://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/203338_en.html sighted: [February 2017] Cannon, D. F., Edel, K.O., Grassie, S. L. and Sawley, K. (2003) Rail defects: an overview, Fatigue Fracture of Engineering Materials Structures, Volume 26, October 2003, pp. 865-886. Ernest, T. S. and John, M. W. (1994) Track Geometry and Substructure Management, Thomas Telfold. IHHA (2001) Guidelines to best practices for heavy haul railway operations: wheel and rail interface issues, International Heavy Haul Association, May 2001, Virginia, USA. KUMAR, S. (2007). Study of Rail Breaks: Associated Risks and Maintenance Strategies. Lulea Railway Research Center (JVTC) MIL-STD-1629A, (1980) Military Standard Procedures for Performing a Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis, Department of Defence, USA. Available from: http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-m/risk/e-guidelines/RBDM/html/vol4/Volume4/Toolspec_Rec/FMEA/MIL-STD-1629A.pdf sighted: [February 2017] Reddy, V. (2004) Modelling and Analysis of Rail Grinding Lubrication Strategies for Controlling Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF) and Rail Wear, Master Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. Reliasoft (2005) Examining risk priority numbers in FEMA, Reliability Edge, volume 4, issue1. Available from: http://www.reliasoft.com/newsletter/2q2003/rpns.htm sighted: [February 2017] VILLEMEUR, Alain (1992-A, 1992-B). Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety Assessment, A: Vol. 1: Methods and Technique. B Vol.2: Assessment, Hardware, Software and Human Factors: John Wiley Sons. 8.2. Figures: Figure 1: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Rail_profile.svg/800px-Rail_profile.svg.png?1487817217791 Figure 2: http://www.ndt.net/article/v07n06/thomas/fig3.jpg Figure 3: http://www.railwayexpertwitness.com/images/inspect9-300.jpg Figure 4: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229632336/figure/fig8/AS:[emailprotected]/Figure-1-Tache-ovale-or-kidney-rail-failure.png Figure 5: http://www.ndt.net/article/0698/schub/fig1.gif Figure 6: http://mikes.railhistory.railfan.net/imfile/09192.jpg Figure 7: http://railmeasurement.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/corrugation-track1.jpg Figure 8: VILLEMEUR, Alain (1992-A, 1992-B). Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety Assessment, A: Vol. 1: Methods and Technique. B Vol.2: Assessment, Hardware, Software and Human Factors: John Wiley Sons. Figure 9 and 10: KUMAR, S. (2007). Study of Rail Breaks: Associated Risks and Maintenance Strategies. Lulea Railway Research Center (JVTC)
Tuesday, September 3, 2019
Blogging for Emotional Well Being Essay -- Blogs
Blogging for Emotional Well Being "Imagine keeping a diary every day, but instead of locking it up and stowing it in your desk drawer, you do the exact opposite. You post it on the Web, letting the entire world -- well, anyone who stumbles upon it, anyway -- inside your head." (Nord) I am sure that almost everyone at some point in time has received the following advice when feeling down: "Why don’t you write out your thoughts?", "Write a song or a poem.", "Write a letter to a friend, telling what you feel." In effect, ‘write’! Writing is therapeutic. It’s a fact of life that everyone has experienced. Every author, poet, songwriter, speaker we know has written for one simple reason, they need to. "I caught up on my webreading today, and that article on web logging really hit home. I know that most folks don't care about what I'm writing. The keys to why I want to keep it up (note, I'm still trying to keep it up, not always making it) are A) it's therapeutic as hell just to write it B) someone might care, and respond, and that ONE person makes it all okay." (FanBoy) Writing out personal thoughts, feelings, observations, and experiences increases the understanding of one’s way of thinking. It helps one realize issues not thought about before. Writing can solve problems by getting to the root of issues. People keep journals, sketchbooks, or diaries to assist in understanding themselves. Some people keep blogs. Blogs are very much like journals in that there is a freedom to type out a plethera of feeling and emotion onto a keyboard. Observations such as a description of an interesting person seen that day may fall into a personal web log. "These blogs, often updated several times a day, were instead a record of the blogg... ...eople to help themselves. Works cited: Golding, David. David Golding Presents. Online Posting. April 22, 2001. March 18, 2002. <http://pah2.weblogs.com> Blood, Rebecca. "Weblogs: A History and Perspective" Rebecca’s Pocket. September 2000. 23 March 2002. < http://www.rebeccablood.net/essays/weblog_history.html> Nord, Tom. "Blogs Share People's Stories". Gannett News Service. 9 April 2001. 24 March 2002. <http://detnews.com/2001/technews/0104/09/b01-209360.htm> Grohol, John M. Psy D. "Psychology of Weblogs". Online posting. April 2001. 24 March 2002. < http://www.psychcentral.com/blogs/> Hoyum, Sonja. My Little Marathon. Online posting. 6; 22; 25 March 2002. 11 April 2002. <http://www.xanga.com/home.asp?user=fjorgyn > FanBoy. G-Blog, FanBoy. Online Posting. 26 Feb 2002. 17 April 2002. <http://www.g-blog.net/entry/446>
Essay on Voltaire’s Candide: The Accuracy of Candide -- Voltaire Candi
   Voltaire is correct in Candide, where he argues that life on earth is hell in many ways. Voltaire accurately describes how selfish people often are and how they inflict misery on others as a result. Voltaire also describes accurately common forms of cruelty in society. Although he may be mistaken that all wars are equally senseless and avoidable, Voltaire is correct in showing that war inevitably produces atrocities, which makes for hell on earth.       In support of these statements, let's examine Voltaire's accurate description of human selfishness.  An example would be the behavior of the sailor who Pangloss and Candide met on their voyage to Lisbon. This sailor was rescued from drowning by Jacques the Anabaptist. Yet when Jacques fell into the sea himself, the sailor refused to risk his own life to save him. As a result of this selfishness, Jacques died. Later on, when the sailor reached shore, he ignored the sufferings of people horribly injured by a recent earthquake. Instead the sailor took money from them in order to get drunk and hire a prostitute. This sailor was wholly self-centered and uncaring about anyone else and by not helping anybody out he in effect inflicted misery on them. When the terrorists destroyed the World Trade Centers, and many police and firemen were killed, many people received money for relatives that did not die, and used the money for gambling, booze and whores. Human nature in this regard has not changed since the book was written. This being so, Voltaire's description of how human selfishness can often turn life on earth into a hell is accurate.   Voltaire's depiction of how common cruelty is in society is also well supported. For example, Voltaire describes how Candide en... ... again as an example, there were many instances of people who risked their own lives to save others and as a result received citations and promotions as well as the admiration of their family and friends. This objection to my argument, however, does not take an important thrust of Candide into account. That is, that Voltaire felt that he had to use exaggeration and one-sided presentation to make sure his audience did not refuse to contemplate deeply just how much cruelty and selfishness exists at all times all around them and how much people suffer because of that. Works Cited and Consulted: Frautschi, R.L. Barron's Simplified Approach to Voltaire: Candide. New York: Barron's Educational Series, Inc., 1998. Lowers, James K, ed. "Cliff Notes on Voltaire's Candide". Lincoln: Cliff Notes, Inc. 1995. Voltaire. Candide. New York: Viking Publishers, 1976.
Monday, September 2, 2019
Evaluating Loch Of Skene Incineration Plant Environmental Sciences Essay
The aim of this papers is to measure the environmental impact and execute a hazard appraisal of a MSW incineration works edifice undertaking for a metropolis with 100,000 population near the Loch of Skene, Aberdeenshire. Assuming that mean MSW arising in UK is 509 kilogram per person per twelvemonth, a 50,000 metric tons per annum incineration installation is required, with a 60 m tallness stack, and a edifice country of approx. 3,500 M2 and a entire land return of 4 hour angle. The lower calorific value of MSW should be at least 7MJ/kg, mass firing engineering will be applied with a movable grating, the one-year sum of waste for incineration should be no less than 50,000 metric tons. Loch of Skene is an unreal lake located 15 kilometer West of Aberdeen in Scotland. It is designated as a Particular Protection Area for wildlife preservation intents. The proposed MSW incineration works will be surrounded by several small towns and the Westhill metropolis 2.5 kilometer off. The proposed incineration works may hold an inauspicious consequence on the air quality within a big country, contaminate dirt, harvests and exercise a noxious to wellness impact on a great figure of people. It can besides upset or even destruct really sensitive ecosystems of the Loch of Skene. Based on the above mentioned statements, it is recommended that the proposed incineration works should be moved to the bing landfill, ( Crows Nest Landfill Site, Banchory, an one-year capacity of 74,000 metric tons ) , where the evidences already exist far from communities and would non upset them because it would hold the same impact as the landfill operation before ; it would besides cut down the cost. It is besides recommended that the incineration procedure should be applied in waste-to-energy engineerings. The pollutant control engineering should be applied to command sums of emanations based on the Pollution Prevention and Control ( Scotland ) Regulations 2000. Number of words used – 3316. Excluding Submission sheet, Table of Contents, List of Figures, List of Tables and References.Table OF CONTENTS1 INTRODUTION 5 1.1 Loch of Skene location 5 1.2 Loch of Skene Environment 5 1.3 Incineration Plant Location 7 1.4 MSW arising and incineration in Scotland 7 2 INCINERATION LEGISLATION 9 2.1 Environmental Licensing 9 2.2 Techniques & A ; Technology applied 9 2.3 Public engagement 9 2.4 Waste Incineration Regulations 9 3 INCINERATION PLANT 10 3.1 Incineration engineerings 10 3.2 Energy recovery from waste 11 3.3 Pollution lessening engineerings 11 3.4 Main residuary stuffs managing 11 3.5 Incineration works cost 12 3.6 Incineration workss with energy recovery in Scotland 12 4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 13 4.1 Air and Land 13 4.2 Water 13 5 SWOT/PEST Analysis 14 6 RISK ASSESSMENT 15 7 CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATIONS 17 7.1 Decision 17 7.2 Recommendations 17 8 Mentions 19List OF FIGURESFigure 1.1 – Loch of Skene location 5 Figure 2.1 – Loch of Skene 6 Figure 3.1- Waste Management Facilities. Incinerators ( Scotland ) 10 Figure 4.1 – Hazard appraisal matrix 15 Figure 5.1 – Waste Management Facilities: Landfill ( Scotland ) 18List OF TABLESTable 1.1 – MSW originating in Scotland 7 Table 2.1 – Waste inputs to incinerators & A ; co-incinerators 8 Table 3.1 – Waste incinerated in Scotland 8 Table 4.1 – Energy efficiency for incineration 11 Table 5.1 -Outputs from incineration processes 12 Table 6.1 -SWOT/PEST analysis 14INTRODUTIONLoch of Skene locationThe Loch of Skene is located about 15 km West of Aberdeen in Scotland. It is a shoal ( 2 m deep ) , and little ( an country of 1.2 km2 ) lowland loch. Figure 1.1 – Loch of Skene location Administratively, the Loch of Skene is located in the Garioch commission country in Aberdeenshire. The country is largely agricultural and strongly affected by Aberdeen economic system. Several small towns ( Dunecht, Echt, Lyne of Skene, Kirkton of Skene ) and Westhill town ( 10392 dad ) ( 1 ) are located near the Loch. Now, the loch is used for sailing by the Aberdeen and Stonehaven Yacht Club, from April boulder clay June.Loch of Skene EnvironmentThe loch of Skene has inland H2O organic structures with standing H2O and waterlogged lakeshores. The loch is surrounded with deciduous and cone-bearing forest. During fall and winter the loch supports an internationally of import roost of Iceland Graylag Goose and Icelandic Whooper Swan. This site qualifies under Article 4.1 of the Directive ( 79/409/EEC ) as back uping populations of the undermentioned European of import migratory species ( Whooper Swan and Graylag Goose ) listed in Annex 1 of the Directive ( 2 ) . A recent JNCC ( 3 ) study states that: ‘Whooper Swan – 203 persons stand foring up to 3.7 % of the wintering population in GB and Graylag Goose, 10840 persons stand foring up to 10.8 % of the wintering Iceland/UK/Ireland population. ‘ The Loch of Skene is indicated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) , Special Protected Area ( SPA ) and Ramsar Site. Figure 2.1 – Loch of Skene The loch is alimentary rich, which consequences from sewerage installations and agricultural beginnings. The natural ecology has been disturbed by inputs of foods, chiefly from the four Burnss that drain their catchments. Water quality in the Loch of Skene is Class 2, which means it has been significantly altered by human activities ( 16 ) .Incineration Plant LocationThe Company has proposed installing of an incineration works for the metropolis with a population of 100,000 near the Loch of Skene. In Scotland, in 2008/09, Municipal Solid Waste ( MSW ) coevals was 3,288.069 metric tons ( 4 ) . Local governments collected 29.1 MM metric tons of MSW in England and 1.8 MM metric tons in Wales during 2006/07. This included 25.9 MM metric tons of waste from families ( 1.6 MM metric tons in Wales ) – that is approx. half of metric ton or 509 kilograms per individual every twelvemonth, so 100,000 population will bring forth in mean 50,900 ton/year of MSW. And this requires a 50,000 me tric tons per annum incineration installation with a 60 m stack tallness, a edifice country of approx. 3,500 M2 and a entire land return of 4 hour angle ( 5 ) .MSW arising and incineration in ScotlandMunicipal solid waste originating in Scotland in 2008/09 was 3.29 MMton. This is the lowest value in a period of 2004-2009. In 2003, the Scots Executive set a mark that any growing in municipal waste should discontinue by 2010 ( 4 ) . Data in the tabular array below show the general tendency of MSW originating and bespeak a decrease of MSW achieved in 2004/5 and 2008/9 by 3.5 % . Table 1.1 – MSW originating in Scotland Incineration and co-incineration workss received about 336,000 metric tons of waste in 2008, Table 2.1. Municipal waste makes up 26.2 % of the entire waste. It should be noted that 14,000 metric tons of refuse-derived fuels were sent to England for incineration in 2008. In 2008, there were two municipal waste incinerators with energy recovery in Scotland ( Dundee and Shetland Islands ) . Table 2.1 – Waste inputs to incinerators & A ; co-incinerators A SEPA ( 4 ) study provinces that, ‘In 2008, 119,000 metric tons ( 35 % ) were recovered and 217,000 metric tons ( 65 % ) were disposed. This was an addition of 82,000 metric tons over 2007. Between 2004 and 2008, there was an addition of 82,000 metric tons ( 220 % ) in the sum of waste recovered. ‘ ( p.28 ) Table 3.1 – Waste incinerated in ScotlandINCINERATION LEGISLATIONEnvironmental LicensingIncineration installations are a topic of environmental licensing demands as Part A installings under the Pollution Prevention and Control ( Scotland ) Regulations 2000. The Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive ( IPPC ) requires portion A installings to run in such a manner that all preventive steps are taken against pollution, in peculiar through the application of the best available techniques, and to guarantee that no important pollution is caused ( 8 ) In conformity with the SEPA policy, an applicant must confer with with SEPA at a every early phase on the nature of the environmental licence required.Techniques & A ; Technology appliedThe chief footing for finding the appropriate criterions that should be applied in a PPC license is known as the best available techniques ( BAT ) The PPC ( 11 ) ordinances define this as, ‘the most effectual and advanced phase in the development of activities and their methods of operation, which indicates practical suitableness of peculiar techniques for supplying in chief the footing for emanation bound values designed to forestall and, where that is non operable, by and large to cut down emanations and the impact on the environment as a whole. ‘ ( p.2 )Public engagementHarmonizing to the Public Participation Directive ( 10 ) , a waste thermic intervention works application shall be capable to heighten public engagement. This involves public audience on the application when it is received by SEPA and farther public audience when SEPA has come to any determination on a bill of exchange PPC license.Waste Incineration RegulationsThe Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive ( 96/61/EC ) was established to forestall or understate emanations into the air, H2O, and dirt, every bit good as waste ( 8 ) . The Waste Incineration ( Scotland ) Regulations ( SSI2003/170 ) introduce rigorous regulative controls, whereby all emanations are invariably monitored, and minimal proficient demands for waste incinerator have been established ( 9 ) . The Public Participation Directive ( 2003/35/EC ) requires that the application and determination papers for a waste intervention installing license must be made available to the populace for their remark ( 10 ) .Incineration PLANTIncineration engineeringsAt present, approximately 96 % of MSW generated in Scotland are disposed of in landfills, and staying MSW is incinerated with energy recovery. Harmonizing to the Landfill Directive ( 12 ) , it a pre-treatment operation is required prior to a disposal of waste. The recreation of these stuffs is one of the most important challenges confronting the direction of MSW in Scotland. Figure 3.1- Waste Management Facilities. Incinerators ( Scotland ) Presently there are three chief engineerings available for MSW incineration. Grate Technologies Traveling Grate ( The Roller Grate, the stepped Inclined Grate, Inclined Counter-Rotating Grate ) Fixed Grates – these are a series of stairss with waste being moved by a series of random-access memories Fluidised Bed Bubbling Fluidised Bed – the air flow is sufficient to call up the bed and supply good contact with the waste Go arounding Fluidised Bed – the air flow for this type of unit is higher and therefore atoms are carried out of the burning chamber by the fluke gas. Rotary Kiln – incineration in a rotary kiln is usually a two phase procedure dwelling of a kiln and separate secondary burning chamber.Energy recovery from wasteIncineration procedures are designed to retrieve energy from waste processed by bring forthing electricity and/or heat to be used on site and exported offsite. Useful energy that can be generated from an incineration works utilizing a boiler to bring forth steam is presented in the tabular array below ( 13 ) .End productsEfficiencyUseHeat merely Up to 80-90 % thermic efficiency Local territory warming for edifices ( residential, commercial ) and or for industrial procedures Electricity 14-27 % Can be supplied to the national grid for sale and distribution Heat and power Dependant on specific demand for heat and power Combination of the above Table 4.1 – Energy efficiency for incinerationPollution lessening engineeringsA common attack to command emanations is as follows: Ammonia injection into hot flue gases to command NOx emanations Lime or Na hydrogen carbonate injection to command SO2 and HCL Carbon injection to capture heavy metals A filter system to take fly ash and other solids ( calcium hydroxide or hydrogen carbonate and C ) Electrostatic precipitators and scrubbers The control of CO, VOCs and dioxins in footings of their concentration is chiefly though right burning conditions being maintained. Typically the weight of Air Pollution Control Residues ( APCR ) produced will be around 2-6 % of the weight of the waste come ining the incinerator ( 13 ) .Main residuary stuffs managingThe tabular array below shows the cardinal end products from incineration procedures ( 13 ) .End productsStateMeasure by weight of original wasteRemarkIncinerator underside ash ( IBA ) Solid residue 20-30 % Potential usage as aggregative replacing or non biodegradable, not risky waste for disposal Metallic elements Requires separation from MSW or IBA 2-5 % Sold for re-smelting APC residues ( including fly ash, agents and waste H2O ) Solid residue/liquid 2-6 % Hazardous waste for disposal Emissions to atmosphere Gaseous 70-75 % Cleaned burning merchandises Table 5.1 -Outputs from incineration proceduresIncineration works costCapital costs of an incinerator are extremely dependent on the quality of waste to be processed, engineering employed and its location. The costs will consist those associated with the purchase of the incinerator works, and besides costs for land procurance and readying prior to edifice and besides indirect costs, such as planning, allowing, contractual support and proficient and fiscal services over the development rhythm. Examples of incineration works capital costs are provided below: 50,000 tpa ?25m 136,000 tpa ?35m 265,000 tpa ?51mIncineration workss with energy recovery in ScotlandPresently the UK has 19 incinerators in operation processing MSW. In 2005-2006, they processed approx 2.8 MM tones of MSW per annum produced in England. As illustrations of incinerators with energy recovery in Scotland there are Dundee ( 14 ) and Shetland ( 15 ) Waste to Energy Plants. DERL Waste to Energy Plant, Dundee ( 120,000tpa ) . Value: ?35 MM Construction period: 140 hebdomads Year completed: 1999 The works consumes 2.2 MW for in-house burden and exports 8.2 MW to the grid. 10.5 MW are produced by a individual steam turbine generator. Shetland Waste to Energy Plant, Shetland Islands ( 26,000tpa ) Project period: 1994-200 Client: Shetland Island Council Investing: Turnkey contract approx 100 MM DKK Heating consequence: 7 MW The works consists of a fire tubing boiler with a supply temperature of 1150C. Further, 100 % chilling capacity is installedENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTAir and LandMSW incinerators are normally fed with a assorted waste flow and combustion of such waste leads to risky substances ab initio present within the waste being mobilised into releases from the incineration works. Whatever control engineering is applied, all types of incineration consequence in releases of toxic substances as ashes and in gases to air. These substances comprise heavy metals, assorted organic compounds, such as dioxins, furans, H fluoride, and C dioxide. Therefore, for the continuance of incineration, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins ( dioxins ) and dibenzofurans ( furans ) , hexachlorobenzene ( HCB ) , and polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCB ) may be by chance generated and released. Pollutants that are emitted into the ambiance from incinerator stack, every bit good as ephemeral emanations, may be deposited o n the dirt near to the incinerator and pollute the local environment. Since the country environing the Loch of Skene is largely agricultural, it may impact the productiveness and quality of agricultural merchandises ( dirt and harvests taint ) . These pollutants including dioxins and PCBs may besides be transported to great distances by air currents. Live stock may besides take in pollutants, mostly through feeding of contaminated flora. The Loch of Skene is indicated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) , Special Protected Area ( SPA ) and Ramsar Site with an of import roost of Iceland Graylag Goose and Icelandic Whooper Swan. An incineration works during the building and operating stages may destruct these comparatively little and sensitive ecosystems. All types of incinerators produce dioxin. Dioxin causes wellness jobs including malignant neoplastic disease, altered sexual development, generative jobs, and suppression of the immune system, diabetes and hormonal effects.WaterWater pollution may originate during the building and operation stages of the proposed incinerator. The major subscriber of H2O pollution for the continuance of development comes from deposits transported to streams ensuing from dirt eroding and disposal of sewerage from the building cantonment and site office. After completion and commissioning of the works, sewerage from the works countries and waste H2O watercourse from chilling H2O blow down, rinsing and seepage storage cavity may be the major beginnings of H2O pollution. Since there are godforsaken H2O intervention workss build in Dunecht and Lyne of Skene and these discharge foods to the Kinnernie and Kirktonbridge Burnss, which later drain into the loch, the Loch of Skene is considered to be at high haz ard of neglecting to accomplish good ecological position. Water quality in the Loch of Skene is Class 2, which means it has been significantly altered by human activities ( 16 ) .SWOT/PEST AnalysisSWOT/PESTEL analysis Strength Failings Opportunities Menaces Political UK authorities support on development new incineration installations Local councils may object Develop local assets Economic Long-run contract to bringing of waste to incineration works High investing cost Monetary values of energy from waste incinerators have to fixed by gov. Inability to pay the full intervention fee Social Introduce new occupations to country Impact on local agreeableness Build visitant Centre to enable local groups to see works and larn dallier about incineration procedure Expostulation and protest from concerned citizens Technical Significantly cut down the sum of waste to be landfilled Measure and quality of waste Use waste-to-energy engineering Poor working waste direction system Environmental High degree of emanations criterions Air emanations, noise, dust, smell Introduce environmental systems and control to assist bolster image Poor works direction Table 6.1 -SWOT/PEST analysisRISK ASSESSMENTThe rule of hazard appraisal is to measure the possible hazard to human wellness, safety and the environment finding the chance of jobs to happen, and researching alternate solutions. This involves seting extenuations in topographic point by finding countries, where initial hazard diminution should be considered. Figure 4.1 – Hazard appraisal matrix Legend: 1 = Very High Hazard ; Additional Considerations Required 2 = High Risk ; Additional Considerations Required 3 = Moderate Risk ; Additional Considerations Recommended. 4 = Possible Risk ; Additional Considerations at Discretion of the Team 5 = Negligible Risk ; Additional Considerations Not Required S = Severity, L = Likelihood, RR = Risk Ranking.HazardCauseConsequenceHazard MatrixExtenuationSecondLiterRRConstruction stageNoise and dust building activities and truck traffic Impact on local roads and the agreeableness of local occupants 3 3 3 On-site operation activities, care and fix of equipment, control and timing of noise emanations, informing local community Construction waste Land renewal and building activities 3 3 3 Waste conveyance and disposal in preies for reuse or in landfills Health and safety Accidents to workers and members of the local community Lack of safety ordinances and uncontrolled entree to the building site 2 3 3 Provide protective shutting, follow safety ordinances, prevent unauthorized entree to the building site by fencing and dark security guard Biodiversity Land renewal and building activities devastation of the natural ecosystem at the installation site 2 3 3 Paving of storage and operation countries, drainage and effluent directionOperating stageDust production From waste trucks during waste transit and handling Impact on local roads and the agreeableness of local occupants 3 3 3 Pull offing of offloading processs during bringings, good housework Noise pollution Truck traffic and operation of the incinerator Impact on local roads and the agreeableness of local occupants 3 3 3 On-site operation activities, care and fix of equipment, control of timing of noise emanations, Min 500 m off from residential countries Odour production Waste bringings and storage Impact on human wellness 3 3 3 Covered waste trucks, response hall with an automatically closed door, little negative force per unit area to forestall odour get awaying Spillage of ash Leached by surface H2O into the environing drainage system Loss of risky waste to open H2O 1 3 3 Regular site cleansing, control of all processs Fleeting emanations Dust, calcium hydroxide and ash, release to the air from the installing Impact on human wellness 1 3 3 Delivery and storage direction of fuels, natural stuffs, byproducts and waste Health and safety jeopardies Emission of dioxins and other toxic pollutants from the stack Impact on human wellness, perchance carcinogenic and to be a tumour booster 1 3 3 Using activated C, dry calcium hydroxide and fabric filters to command dioxin emanations Continuous monitoring and describing emanations of NOx, CO, SO2, PM10, HCL, TOC from the stack,CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATIONSDecisionThe proposed undertaking of an Incineration works installing near the Loch of Skene could ensue in inauspicious environmental impacts on really sensitive loch ecosystems. The local community is besides at hazard of possible impacts of pollutants released from the stack of the waste incinerator. There is a high hazard with allowing issues because the Loch of Skene is a Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) , Special Protected Area ( SPA ) and Ramsar Site.RecommendationsThe site of incinerator should be moved to the bing landfill ( for illustration, the Crows Nest Landfill Site, Banchory, an one-year capacity of 74,000 metric tons ) , where the location is already far from the communities and will non upset them because its operation is the same as that of the landfill operation ; it would besides cut down the cost. It is suggested that the apply incineration procedure should be designed to retrieve energy from the waste processed by bring forthing electricity and/or heat to be used on site and exported off site. It is suggested impersonal nomenclature, the â€Å" MSW Processing Plant †should be applied alternatively of the â€Å" MSW Incineration Plant †. The Design and Architecture of the Plant should non resemble a typical incineration works. The sum of incinerated waste should non transcend the landfill capacity. Hazardous waste should be separated before waste is burned in the incinerator. The pollutant control engineering should be applied to command the sum of emanations and their contents based on the Pollution Prevention and Control ( Scotland ) Regulations 2000. Figure 5.1 – Waste Management Facilities: Landfill ( Scotland ) – Crows Nest Landfill location, Banchory
Sunday, September 1, 2019
Legal Rules of Consideration Essay
Legal rules as to consideration: 1) Consideration must move at the desire of the promisor:the act done or losssuffered by the promise must have been done or suffered at the desire or requestof the promisor. The act done at the desire of a third party or without the desire ofthe promisor cannot be a good consideration. It is not necessary that the promisorhimself should be benefited by the acts of the promise. The benefit may beintended for a third party. But the desire or request of the promisor is essential. Example: A sees B’s house on fire and helps in extinguishing it. B did not ask forA’s help. A cannot demand payment for his service. 2) Consideration may more from the promisee or any other person:consideration can be given or supplied by the promise or any other person who isnot a party to the contract. As long as there is a consideration it is not importantwho has given it. Therefore, a stranger to consideration can sue on a contractprovided he is not a stranger to contract. This is known as the â€Å"doctrine ofconstructive consideration†. 3) Consideration may be past, present or future: consideration may be past,present or future. But according to English law, consideration may be present orfuture but never past. 4) Consideration need not be adequate: consideration need not be adequate to thepromise, but it must be of some value in the eye of law. So long as considerationexists, the courts are not concerned as to its adequacy. Provided it is of somevalue. The adequacy of the consideration is of the parties to consider at the timeof making the agreement. However, the inadequacy of the consideration may betaken into account by the court in determining the question whether the consent ofthe promisor was freely given. This is because inadequacy may suggest fraud,mistake or coercion etc. Example: Ali agrees to sell a car worth $2,000 for $200. Ali’s consent to theagreement was freely given. The agreement is a contract not withstanding theinadequacy of consideration. 5) Consideration must be real and not illusory: Although consideration need notbe adequate, it must be real, competent and of some value in the eyes of the law. Real consideration is one which is not physically or legally impossible. If theconsideration is physically impossible, vague or legally impossible, the contractcannot be enforced. ) Consideration must be lawful. The consideration for an agreement must belawful. An agreement is valid if it is based on unlawful consideration. Consideration is unlawful: a) if it s forbidden by law or b) if of such a natural that if permitted it would defeat the provisions of nay law,or c) is fraudulent, or d) involves injury to the person or property of another, e) court regards it as immora l or opposed to public policy Example: I ) A promises to maintain B’s child and B promises to A $ 2000 yearly for thepurpose. Here, the promise of each party is the consideration for the promise ofthe other party. These are lawful considerations. II ) A promises to obtain for B, an employment in the public services, and Bpromises to pay $ 800 to A. the agreement is void as the consideration for it isunlawful. 7) Consideration may be an act or abstinence or promise: Consideration may bea promise to do something or not to do something. So it may be either positive orSubject: BUSINESS LAW LECTURER: YUSUF O. GARASADMAS UNIVERSITY COLLEGEHARGEISA-MAIN CAMPUS negative. Consideration need not always be doing some act. It can be not doing anact also. ) Consideration must be something which the promisor is not already bound todo: a promise to do what one is already bound to do, either by general law orunder an existing contract, is not a good consideration for a new promise. Therewill be no detriment to the promise or benefit to the promisor over and above theirexisting rights or obligations. Similarly, a promise to perform a public duty by apublic servant is not a good consideration. Example: A promis es to pay $ 200 to police officer for investigation into a crime. This promise is without consideration because the police officer is already boundto do so by law. Exceptions: There are, however, certain exceptions to the rule that past consideration is noconsideration. Under the exceptions, past consideration is as good as present or futureconsideration. The exceptions are as follows: 1) Services rendered at the request of the promisor. When the considerationconsists of services rendered at the request of the promisor, it is a goodconsideration. The request may be either express or implied. 2) Promise to pay a time-barred debt: where a debt is bound by limitation, thedebtor can waive the benefit of that plea and promise to discharge the debt. Such apromise is enforceable. A time-barred debt can be taken as valid consideration fora subsequent promise. 3) Negotiable instrument: where a negotiable instruments is given in considerationof some past act, that past act will form as a good consideration for the issue ofthe negotiable instrument and the party who gets the instrument can validlyenforce it. Unreal Considerations: in the following cases, the consideration is not legal because ofphysical or legal impossibility or uncertainty. The following are not real considerations. ) Physical impossibility: if a person agrees to perform an impossible act for aconsideration, the promise is not enforceable. The promise is unreal. Discoveringtreasure by magic or making two parallel straight lines meet or putting life backinto a dead body cannot be enforced as promises because of impossibility. 2) Legal impossibility: whenever the performance of a promise is legallyimpossible, consideration is not real. 3) Uncertain consideration: cons ideration is not real and is not enforceable if it isuncertain or ambiguous. Examples: A engages B for doing a certain work and promises to pay aâ€Å"reasonable sum†. There is no recognized method of ascertaining theâ€Å"reasonable†remuneration. The promise is not enforceable as it is uncertain. 4) Illusory consideration: an illusory consideration is not real and is unenforceable. Example: A promises to give B one ton of gold brought from the sun. theconsideration is sham and illusory. 5) Pre-existing legal obligations: A promise to do what one is already bound to do,either by general law or under an existing contract, is not a good consideration fora new promise. Similarly, a promise to perform a public duty by a public servantis not a consideration. Real or Good Consideration: The following are good real or considerations: 1) Forbearance to sue: forbearance to sue is a kin of abstinence. It means a personwho has a right of action against another person refrains from bringing the action. Forbearance to sue may be forever or for a short or limited time. Forbearance tosue at the desire of the debtor is a good consideration. Example: A has a right to sue his debtor B for $5000. But he postpones suing as Bagreed to pay $ 2000 more. Such forbearance is a valuable consideration for thepromise of B. 2) Compromise of a disputed claim: Compromise is a kind of forbearance. Thecompromise of a disputed claim is a good consideration for the fresh agreement ofcompromise. Example: A sues to recover a debt of $2000 from B. B denies the whole debt andpromises to pay $500 to A as a sort of compromise. This compromise of B issupported by consideration and is valid. 3) Composition with Creditors: A person who is not in a position to pay his debtsfully may call a meeting of his creditors and request them to accept a lesseramount. If the creditors and request them to accept a lesser amount. If thecreditors agree to it, the agreement is binding upon the debtor and creditors.
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